Prática de Shadowing: PHILOSOPHY - The Stoics - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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The Stoicism This is a film about Stoicism and why you need more of it in your life.
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Because, as people seldom tell you, but we will quietly.
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Stoicism was a philosophy that flourished for 480 years in ancient Greece
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and Rome and was popular with everyone from slaves to the aristocracy.
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Because, unlike so much philosophy, it was helpful.
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Helpful when we panic, want to give up, despair and rage at existence.
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We still honour this philosophy whenever we think of someone as brave and without perhaps quite knowing why, call them stoic.
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There are two great philosophers of stoicism.
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The first is the Roman writer and tutor to Nero, Seneca.
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He lived between AD 4 and AD 65.
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That's right, tutor to Nero, the infamous dictator who slept with his own mother, raped young boys and just because he felt like it, asked his old tutor, Seneca,
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to commit suicide in front of his own family.
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And our other guide to Stoicism is the kind and magnanimous Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius, AD 121-180, who was forced to spend most of his reign on the edges of the empire,
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fighting off invincible Germanic hordes, but found time to write one of the greatest works of philosophy, the Meditations, in his tent at night.
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There are two problems Stoicism can help us with in particular.
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The first is anxiety.
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When you're feeling anxious about something, most people are maddening.
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They believe it's their duty to cheer you up.
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However intelligent they might otherwise be, they say things like it'll be okay, don't worry, even cheer up.
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The Stoics were appalled.
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They hated any kind of consolation that aims to give the listener hope.
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Hope is the opium of the emotions
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and must be stamped out conclusively for a person to stand any chance of inner peace.
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Because hope only lifts you up higher for the eventual fall.
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The Stoics advise us to take a different path.
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To be calm, one has to tell oneself something very dark.
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It will be terrible.
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I might have to go to prison.
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The lump really could be malign.
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I probably will be fired and humiliated, my friends almost certainly will succeed.
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But a huge, consoling stoic but.
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One must keep in mind that one will, nevertheless, be okay.
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Okay, because in the end, as Marcus Aurelius said, we are each of us stronger than we think.
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Prison won't be fun, nor we're losing one's job or being made a laughing stock, but one will get through it.
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Stoicism emboldens us against the worst fate can throw at us.
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And if you really, really can't take it, suicide is always an option.
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The Stoics mentioned this repeatedly.
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Here is Seneca.
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Can you no longer see a road to freedom?
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It's right in front of you.
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You need only turn over your wrists.
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To build up an impression of one's own resilience, the Stoics suggested one regularly rehearse worst-case scenarios.
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For example, twice a year, one should take off one's smart clothes, into some dirty rags, sleep on a rug in the kitchen floor
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and eat only stale bread and rainwater from an animal's bowl.
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And thereby, you'll make an amazing discovery.
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As Marcus Aurelius put it, almost nothing material is needed for a happy life for he who has understood existence.
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Another subject of interest to the Stoics was anger.
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Romans were a bad tempered lot.
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The Stoics wanted to calm them down, but they did so by an unusual route, by intellectual argument.
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They propose that getting angry isn't something you do by nature
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because you have a Latin temper or are somehow inherently hot blooded.
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It's the result of being stupid, of having the wrong ideas about life.
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Anger stems when misplaced hope smashes into unforeseen reality.
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We don't shout every time something bad happens to us, only when it's bad and unexpected.
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For example, you never shout just because it started raining, even though rain can be horrible, because you've learnt to expect rain.
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The same should apply to everything.
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Don't only expect rain, expect betrayal, infamy, sadism, theft, humiliation, lust, greed, spite.
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One will stop being so angry when one learns the true facts of the misery of life.
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The wise person should aim to reach a state where simply nothing could suddenly disturb their peace of mind.
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Every tragedy should already be priced in.
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We're going to leave you with the most beautiful remark that Seneca made, just as Nero's guards were grabbing him
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and shoving him into a bathroom where he was meant to take a sharp knife and kill himself.
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His wife, Polina, and two children were panicking, weeping, clinging to his cloaks.
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But Seneca turned to them, pulled a weary smile at them, and simply said, what need is there to weep over parts of life?
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The whole of it calls for tears.
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We have much to learn from the Stoics.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação de nível C1 usa o vídeo “PHILOSOPHY - The Stoics”. As palavras que mais se repetem: stoic, stoicism, Seneca, philosophy, Aurelius. Este vídeo tem 66 frases e 821 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 4:28. O falante fala rápido, cerca de 184 palavras por minuto, então espere sons ligados e reduzidos. Apenas 80% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
As 15 palavras mais avançadas do vídeo, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| stoicism substantivo | /ˈstoʊɪsɪzəm/ | estoicismo |
| tutor substantivo | /ˈtjuːtəː/ | tutor |
| weep verbo | /ˈwiːp/ | chorar, lacrimejar |
| temper substantivo | /ˈtɛmpɚ/ | temperamento |
| shout verbo | /ʃaʊt/ | gritar |
| appall verbo | /əˈpɔːl/ | consternar |
| aristocracy substantivo | /ˌɛɹ.ɪˈstɑ.kɹə.si/ | aristocracia |
| conclusively advérbio | conclusivamente | |
| humiliate verbo | /hjuːˈmɪliˌeɪt/ | humilhar |
| infamy substantivo | /ˈɪnfəmi/ | infâmia |
| invincible adjetivo | /ɪnˈvɪn.sə.bəl/ | invencível |
| magnanimous adjetivo | /mæɡˈnæn.ɪ.məs/ | magnânimo |
| malign adjetivo | /məˈlaɪn/ | maligno |
| misplace verbo | /mɪsˈpleɪs/ | perder |
| rainwater substantivo | água da/de chuva |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Significado |
|---|---|
| cheer up verbo | animar-se |
| give up verbo | render-se |
| take off verbo | tirar |
| turn over verbo | inverter |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- They believe it's their duty to cheer you up.
- Can you no longer see a road to freedom?
- It's right in front of you.
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | was forced · were appalled · must be stamped |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | has understood · you've learnt |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 12 contrações e formas reduzidas, como don't, we're, can't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: thereby /ðɛɹˈbaɪ/, cloth /klɒθ/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: shout /ʃaʊt/, flourish /ˈflʊ̈ɹ.ɪʃ/, consolation /ˌkɑn.səˈleɪ.ʃən/, humiliation /hjuːˌmɪliˈeɪʃən/, shove /ʃʌv/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: aristocracy /ˌɛɹ.ɪˈstɑ.kɹə.si/, humiliate /hjuːˈmɪliˌeɪt/, invincible /ɪnˈvɪn.sə.bəl/, magnanimous /mæɡˈnæn.ɪ.məs/, consolation /ˌkɑn.səˈleɪ.ʃən/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: stoic /ˈstoʊ.ɪk/, weep /ˈwiːp/, shout /ʃaʊt/, humiliate /hjuːˈmɪliˌeɪt/, disturb /dɪˈstɜːb/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: appall /əˈpɔːl/, invincible /ɪnˈvɪn.sə.bəl/, betrayal /bɪˈtɹeɪəl/, eventual /ɪˈvɛn.t͡ʃu.əl/, console /ˈkɑn.soʊl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: humiliate /hjuːˈmɪliˌeɪt/, rehearse /ɹɪˈhɝs/, humiliation /hjuːˌmɪliˈeɪʃən/, inherently /ɪnˈhɛɹəntli/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como stoicism, tutor, weep.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.