Prática de Shadowing: Are we too Materialistic? - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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It doesn't seem to make sense to suggest that there might be such a thing as good materialism.
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After all, isn't materialism just plain bad, always?
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It can seem as if we're faced with a stark choice.
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Either you can be materialistic, and that means obsessed with money and possessions, shallow and selfish, or you can reject materialism,
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be good and focus on more important matters of the spirit.
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But in truth, most of us are, in our hearts, stuck somewhere between these two choices, which is pretty uncomfortable.
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We're still enmeshed in the desire to possess, but we're encouraged to feel rather bad about it.
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Yet, crucially, it's not actually materialism, the pure fact of buying things and getting excited by possessions, that's ever really the problem.
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We're failing to make a clear distinction between good and bad versions of materialism.
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Let's try to understand good materialism through a slightly unusual route – religion.
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Because we see them as focused exclusively on spiritual things, it can be surprising to note how much use religions have made of material things.
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They've spent a lot of time making and thinking about scrolls to hang in your house,
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shrines, temples, monasteries, artworks, clothes, ceremonies.
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However, they've cared about these things for one reason only
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because they've wanted material things to serve the highest and noblest purpose – the development of our souls.
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It's just that they've recognised that we are incarnate, sensory, bodily beings and that the way to get through to our souls has to be,
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at least in part, through our bodies rather than merely through the intellect.
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The importance of material things was for centuries at the core of Christianity
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which proposed that Jesus was both the highest spiritual being and a flesh and blood person.
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He was the spirit incarnate, holiness embodied.
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In the Catholic mass, great significance is accorded to the bread and the wine, which are believed to be transubstantiations of Christ,
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that is, material objects which simultaneously have a spiritual identity, just as Jesus himself combined the spiritual and the bodily while on earth.
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This can all sound like a very weird and arcane point, entirely removed from the local shopping mall.
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But exactly the same concept actually applies outside of religions.
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Many good material possessions can be said to involve a kind of transubstantiation, whereby they are both practical and physical,
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and also embody or allude to a positive personality or spirit.
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Take this watch by the designer Dieter Rams.
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To the outer eye, it's an ordinary timepiece, but at a psychological level, it's also a kind of transubstantiation.
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It tells the time, but it also hints at a more psychological or even spiritual side, with ideals of purity, simplicity and harmony floating around it.
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It tells us how long there is till lunch, but it's also trying to nudge us towards being a certain sort of person.
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Or take this chair.
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It, too, transubstantiates a set of important values straightforwardness, strength, honesty and elegance.
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By getting closer to the chair we stand to become a little more like it, which is an important piece of inner evolution.
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Material objects can therefore be said to play a positive psychological or spiritual role in our lives when higher,
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more positive ideals are materialized in them, and so when buying and using them daily gives us a chance to get closer to our better selves.
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When they're contained in physical things,
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valuable psychological qualities that are otherwise often intermittent in our thoughts and conduct can become more stable and resilient.
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This isn't to say that all consumerism just conveniently turns out to be great.
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It depends on what a given material object stands for.
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An object can transubstantiate the very worst sides of human nature, greed, callousness, the desire to triumph, as much as it can the best sides.
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So, we must be careful not to decry or celebrate all material consumption just like that.
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We have to ensure that the objects we invest in
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and tire ourselves and the planet by making are those that lend most encouragement to our higher, better natures.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “Are we too Materialistic?”. As palavras que mais se repetem: material, materialism, spiritual, object, psychological. Este vídeo tem 43 frases e 686 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 4:24. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 156 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. Apenas 80% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| spiritual adjetivo | /ˈspɪɹɪt͡ʃuəl/ | espiritual |
| psychological adjetivo | /ˌsaɪ.kəˈlɑː.d͡ʒɪ.kl̩/ | psicológico |
| possession substantivo | /pəˈzɛʃn̩/ | possessão |
| ideal adjetivo | /aɪˈdi(ə)l/ | ideal |
| bodily adjetivo | /ˈbɑdɪli/ | corporal, corpóreo |
| practical adjetivo | /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/ | prático |
| stable substantivo | /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ | estábulo, cavalariça |
| encourage verbo | /ɪnˈkʌɹ.ɪd͡ʒ/ | encorajar, incentivar |
| temple substantivo | /ˈtɛm.pl̩/ | templo |
| unusual adjetivo | /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/ | inesperado, inusual |
| plain substantivo | /pleɪn/ | planície |
| ceremony substantivo | /ˈsɛɹ.əˌmoʊ.ni/ | cerimônia, cerimónia |
| designer substantivo | /dɪˈzaɪnɚ/ | desenhador, desenhadora |
| ordinary adjetivo | /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/ | ordinário, normal |
| evolution substantivo | /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ | evolução |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | have made · They've spent · they've cared |
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | is accorded · can be said · be said |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | choices, which is · wine, which are |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 12 contrações e formas reduzidas, como they've, we're, isn't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: possession /pəˈzɛʃn̩/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/, consumption /kənˈsʌmp.ʃən/, flesh /flɛʃ/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: psychological /ˌsaɪ.kəˈlɑː.d͡ʒɪ.kl̩/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/, ceremony /ˈsɛɹ.əˌmoʊ.ni/, ordinary /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: invest /ɪnˈvɛst/, depend /dɪˈpɛnd/, artwork /ˈɑɹtˌwɝk/, hint /hɪnt/, stark /stɑɹk/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: spiritual /ˈspɪɹɪt͡ʃuəl/, ideal /aɪˈdi(ə)l/, practical /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/, stable /ˈsteɪ.bəl/, unusual /ʌnˈjuːʒ(u)əl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: harmony /ˈhɑ̟ɹ.mə.ni/, hint /hɪnt/, holiness /ˈhoʊlinəs/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como spiritual, psychological, possession.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.