Prática de Shadowing: PLATO ON: The Forms - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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Asking oneself and others what the perfect version of something is, the ideal version, might sound like a strange idea.
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What is the perfect marriage or career or system of government or school?
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It can feel immature and naive to bother much with such questions.
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They're just daydreams.
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After all, who cares about ideal versions?
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We might as well deal with with what we've got.
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But the great ancient
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Greek philosopher Plato strenuously disagrees with this.
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Throughout his work, he argues
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that focusing on the ideal version of something is one of the most useful kinds of thought exercises we can generate.
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It's by knowing what we think something should be like
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that we can more clearly start to define what might be wrong
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and focus on what we need to do to make the world slightly better.
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When he was talking about ideals, Plato used a slightly strange but ultimately rather useful word – the forms.
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So he asked not what is the ideal friendship or the ideal kind of parental love,
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he asked what is the form of friendship or the form of parental love.
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It does sound strange but what he had in mind was something very practical.
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When a Greek stonemason was carving an ornament, they wouldn't just make it up themselves,
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they'd make use of a wooden template or form to check if they were getting it right.
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The form itself was made by the master, but if the mason possessed the form, they could more reliably do perfect work.
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This is Plato's basic picture of what an ideal is.
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It's the guide you need that shows you how to do something well yourself.
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If you've got possession of the form, you can be guided towards a true goal.
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A form, as Plato sees it, is a blueprint, a set of instructions for making a very good version of something.
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That's why we all need a well -thought -through set of forms to guide us in life.
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And unsurprisingly, it is philosophy that can guide us to these forms.
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So, for example, the form of friendship is a mental model of what a really good friendship actually involves.
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And if you grasp this model, if this idea is active in your mind, you will know how to be a good friend.
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Similarly, having a form of education in mind is going to be very useful for the teacher.
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– it'll stop her being buffeted by events and day -to -day pressures – she'll be able to keep in mind where,
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ideally, she should be going.
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We've typically thought of ideals as fantasy projections that blithely ignore most of what life is actually like.
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We think of them as the opposite of being realistic.
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But Plato sees an ideal as the result of a deep understanding and careful engagement with reality.
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Someone setting up an airport would need in the platonic scheme to have in mind the ideal air traffic control system,
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something optimally effective, efficient and safe.
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This is the person who would, in Plato's terms, have grasped the form of air traffic control.
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We all need to have as many forms in mind as we possibly can.
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Plato is breaking the habitual assumption
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that searching for the ideal is at odds with getting things done in the rough and tumble of the real world.
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And he's pushing us to be more exacting about where we are trying to head to.
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If an ideal seems utterly distant and hopeless, maybe the problem isn't that it's too idealistic,
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but in a strange but important way, actually not idealistic enough.
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That is, we've not quite yet discovered the form.
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We shouldn't abandon our ideals.
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We should get more ambitious about them and Plato's philosophy is on hand to help us.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “PLATO ON: The Forms”. As palavras que mais se repetem: ideal, Plato, version, friendship, strange. Este vídeo tem 46 frases e 630 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 3:30. O falante fala rápido, cerca de 180 palavras por minuto, então espere sons ligados e reduzidos. 83% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| ideal adjetivo | /aɪˈdi(ə)l/ | ideal |
| friendship substantivo | /ˈfɹɛn(d)ʃɪp/ | amizade |
| grasp verbo | /ɡɹæsp/ | agarrar |
| parental adjetivo | /pəˈɹɛn.təl/ | parental |
| ignore verbo | /ɪɡˈnɔː/ | ignorar |
| practical adjetivo | /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/ | prático |
| argue verbo | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | discutir, argumentar |
| efficient adjetivo | /ɪˈfɪʃənt/ | eficiente |
| odd adjetivo | /ɑd/ | estranho, raro |
| bother verbo | /ˈbɑðɚ/ | incomodar, chatear |
| discover verbo | /dɪˈskʌvə/ | descobrir |
| possession substantivo | /pəˈzɛʃn̩/ | possessão |
| wooden adjetivo | /ˈwʊdn̩/ | lenhoso, de madeira |
| define verbo | /dɪˈfaɪn/ | definir |
| engagement substantivo | /ɪnˈɡeɪd͡ʒ.mənt/ | compromisso |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| set up verbo | /ˌsɛt ˈʌp/ | preparar |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | was made · can be guided · being buffeted |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | We've typically thought · have grasped |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 11 contrações e formas reduzidas, como we've, isn't, it'll. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “th”: bother /ˈbɑðɚ/, blithely /ˈblaɪðli/
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: friendship /ˈfɹɛn(d)ʃɪp/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, possession /pəˈzɛʃn̩/, instruction /ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/, assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/, ideally /aɪˈdi.ə.li/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, idealistic /ˌaɪ.di.əˈlɪ.stɪk/, habitual /həˈbɪ.t͡ʃʊ.əl/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: friendship /ˈfɹɛn(d)ʃɪp/, grasp /ɡɹæsp/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, odd /ɑd/, engagement /ɪnˈɡeɪd͡ʒ.mənt/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: ideal /aɪˈdi(ə)l/, parental /pəˈɹɛn.təl/, practical /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/, habitual /həˈbɪ.t͡ʃʊ.əl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: hopeless /ˈhoʊplɪs/, habitual /həˈbɪ.t͡ʃʊ.əl/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como ideal, friendship, grasp.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.