Shadowing Practice: PLATO ON: The Forms - Learn English Speaking with Video
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46 oraciones
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Asking oneself and others what the perfect version of something is, the ideal version, might sound like a strange idea.
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What is the perfect marriage or career or system of government or school?
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It can feel immature and naive to bother much with such questions.
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They're just daydreams.
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After all, who cares about ideal versions?
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We might as well deal with with what we've got.
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But the great ancient
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Greek philosopher Plato strenuously disagrees with this.
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Throughout his work, he argues
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that focusing on the ideal version of something is one of the most useful kinds of thought exercises we can generate.
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It's by knowing what we think something should be like
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that we can more clearly start to define what might be wrong
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and focus on what we need to do to make the world slightly better.
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When he was talking about ideals, Plato used a slightly strange but ultimately rather useful word – the forms.
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So he asked not what is the ideal friendship or the ideal kind of parental love,
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he asked what is the form of friendship or the form of parental love.
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It does sound strange but what he had in mind was something very practical.
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When a Greek stonemason was carving an ornament, they wouldn't just make it up themselves,
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they'd make use of a wooden template or form to check if they were getting it right.
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The form itself was made by the master, but if the mason possessed the form, they could more reliably do perfect work.
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This is Plato's basic picture of what an ideal is.
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It's the guide you need that shows you how to do something well yourself.
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If you've got possession of the form, you can be guided towards a true goal.
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A form, as Plato sees it, is a blueprint, a set of instructions for making a very good version of something.
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That's why we all need a well -thought -through set of forms to guide us in life.
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And unsurprisingly, it is philosophy that can guide us to these forms.
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So, for example, the form of friendship is a mental model of what a really good friendship actually involves.
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And if you grasp this model, if this idea is active in your mind, you will know how to be a good friend.
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Similarly, having a form of education in mind is going to be very useful for the teacher.
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– it'll stop her being buffeted by events and day -to -day pressures – she'll be able to keep in mind where,
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ideally, she should be going.
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We've typically thought of ideals as fantasy projections that blithely ignore most of what life is actually like.
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We think of them as the opposite of being realistic.
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But Plato sees an ideal as the result of a deep understanding and careful engagement with reality.
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Someone setting up an airport would need in the platonic scheme to have in mind the ideal air traffic control system,
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something optimally effective, efficient and safe.
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This is the person who would, in Plato's terms, have grasped the form of air traffic control.
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We all need to have as many forms in mind as we possibly can.
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Plato is breaking the habitual assumption
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that searching for the ideal is at odds with getting things done in the rough and tumble of the real world.
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And he's pushing us to be more exacting about where we are trying to head to.
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If an ideal seems utterly distant and hopeless, maybe the problem isn't that it's too idealistic,
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but in a strange but important way, actually not idealistic enough.
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That is, we've not quite yet discovered the form.
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We shouldn't abandon our ideals.
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We should get more ambitious about them and Plato's philosophy is on hand to help us.
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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección
Esta lección de conversación se basa en el vídeo “PLATO ON: The Forms”. Las palabras que más se repiten: ideal, Plato, version, friendship, strange. Este vídeo tiene 46 frases y 630 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 3:30. El hablante habla rápido, unas 180 palabras por minuto, así que espera sonidos enlazados y reducidos. El 83 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés; conviene repasar el resto antes de empezar.
Vocabulario clave de este vídeo
15 palabras del vídeo que vale la pena aprender, con su pronunciación y significado:
| Palabra | Pronunciación | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| ideal adjetivo | /aɪˈdi(ə)l/ | ideal, idóneo |
| friendship sustantivo | /ˈfɹɛn(d)ʃɪp/ | amistad, amistanza (disused) |
| grasp verbo | /ɡɹæsp/ | agarrar, asir |
| parental adjetivo | /pəˈɹɛn.təl/ | parental |
| ignore verbo | /ɪɡˈnɔː/ | ignorar, desoír |
| practical adjetivo | /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/ | práctico |
| argue verbo | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | argüir, argumentar |
| efficient adjetivo | /ɪˈfɪʃənt/ | eficiente, eficaz |
| odd adjetivo | /ɑd/ | extraño, raro |
| bother verbo | /ˈbɑðɚ/ | molestar, agobiar |
| discover verbo | /dɪˈskʌvə/ | descubrir |
| possession sustantivo | /pəˈzɛʃn̩/ | posesión |
| wooden adjetivo | /ˈwʊdn̩/ | de madera |
| define verbo | /dɪˈfaɪn/ | determinar, definir |
| engagement sustantivo | /ɪnˈɡeɪd͡ʒ.mənt/ | engagement |
Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar
| Palabra | Significado |
|---|---|
| think through verbo | cavilar |
Gramática en este vídeo
Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:
| Estructura | En el vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace | was made · can be guided · being buffeted |
| Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahora | We've typically thought · have grasped |
Pronunciación a tener en cuenta
El hablante usa 11 contracciones y formas reducidas, como we've, isn't, it'll. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.
- Los sonidos de “th”: bother /ˈbɑðɚ/, blithely /ˈblaɪðli/
- Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: friendship /ˈfɹɛn(d)ʃɪp/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, possession /pəˈzɛʃn̩/, instruction /ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/, assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/
- Palabras largas — cuida el acento: similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/, ideally /aɪˈdi.ə.li/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, idealistic /ˌaɪ.di.əˈlɪ.stɪk/, habitual /həˈbɪ.t͡ʃʊ.əl/
Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:
- /v/ — no es /b/: los dientes tocan el labio inferior: discover /dɪˈskʌvə/, involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/, naive /naɪˈiv/, carving /ˈkɑɹvɪŋ/
- /z/ — sonora, no /s/: possession /pəˈzɛʃn̩/, possess /pəˈzɛs/
- /dʒ/ — no es la “y” ni la “ch”: engagement /ɪnˈɡeɪd͡ʒ.mənt/, generate /ˈd͡ʒɛn.ə.ɹeɪt/, projection /pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/
Cómo practicar con este vídeo
- Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
- Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
- Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como ideal, friendship, grasp.
¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.