跟读练习: PLATO ON: The Forms - 通过视频学习英语口语

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Asking oneself and others what the perfect version of something is, the ideal version, might sound like a strange idea.

What is the perfect marriage or career or system of government or school?

It can feel immature and naive to bother much with such questions.

They're just daydreams.

After all, who cares about ideal versions?

We might as well deal with with what we've got.

But the great ancient

Greek philosopher Plato strenuously disagrees with this.

Throughout his work, he argues

that focusing on the ideal version of something is one of the most useful kinds of thought exercises we can generate.

It's by knowing what we think something should be like

that we can more clearly start to define what might be wrong

and focus on what we need to do to make the world slightly better.

When he was talking about ideals, Plato used a slightly strange but ultimately rather useful word – the forms.

So he asked not what is the ideal friendship or the ideal kind of parental love,

he asked what is the form of friendship or the form of parental love.

It does sound strange but what he had in mind was something very practical.

When a Greek stonemason was carving an ornament, they wouldn't just make it up themselves,

they'd make use of a wooden template or form to check if they were getting it right.

The form itself was made by the master, but if the mason possessed the form, they could more reliably do perfect work.

This is Plato's basic picture of what an ideal is.

It's the guide you need that shows you how to do something well yourself.

If you've got possession of the form, you can be guided towards a true goal.

A form, as Plato sees it, is a blueprint, a set of instructions for making a very good version of something.

That's why we all need a well -thought -through set of forms to guide us in life.

And unsurprisingly, it is philosophy that can guide us to these forms.

So, for example, the form of friendship is a mental model of what a really good friendship actually involves.

And if you grasp this model, if this idea is active in your mind, you will know how to be a good friend.

Similarly, having a form of education in mind is going to be very useful for the teacher.

– it'll stop her being buffeted by events and day -to -day pressures – she'll be able to keep in mind where,

ideally, she should be going.

We've typically thought of ideals as fantasy projections that blithely ignore most of what life is actually like.

We think of them as the opposite of being realistic.

But Plato sees an ideal as the result of a deep understanding and careful engagement with reality.

Someone setting up an airport would need in the platonic scheme to have in mind the ideal air traffic control system,

something optimally effective, efficient and safe.

This is the person who would, in Plato's terms, have grasped the form of air traffic control.

We all need to have as many forms in mind as we possibly can.

Plato is breaking the habitual assumption

that searching for the ideal is at odds with getting things done in the rough and tumble of the real world.

And he's pushing us to be more exacting about where we are trying to head to.

If an ideal seems utterly distant and hopeless, maybe the problem isn't that it's too idealistic,

but in a strange but important way, actually not idealistic enough.

That is, we've not quite yet discovered the form.

We shouldn't abandon our ideals.

We should get more ambitious about them and Plato's philosophy is on hand to help us.

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本课的词汇与口语要点

这节口语课以视频“PLATO ON: The Forms”为素材。视频中反复出现的词有：ideal, Plato, version, friendship, strange。这段视频共有 46 个句子、630 个单词可供跟读。讲话部分时长为 3:30。说话人语速较快，每分钟约 180 个词，会出现较多连读和弱读。 83% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，其余的词建议在练习前先学一下。

视频中的重点词汇

视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：

单词	发音	释义
ideal 形容词	/aɪˈdi(ə)l/	理想的
friendship 名词	/ˈfɹɛn(d)ʃɪp/	友誼 /友谊, 友情
grasp 动词	/ɡɹæsp/	把握, 握
ignore 动词	/ɪɡˈnɔː/	無視 /无视, 忽略
practical 形容词	/ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/	使用的, 實用 /实用
argue 动词	/ˈɑɹ.ɡju/	辯論 /辩论, 爭辯 /争辩
efficient 形容词	/ɪˈfɪʃənt/	高效率
odd 形容词	/ɑd/	奇怪
bother 动词	/ˈbɑðɚ/	煩擾 /烦扰, 麻煩 /麻烦
discover 动词	/dɪˈskʌvə/	發現 /发现, 發覺 /发觉
possession 名词	/pəˈzɛʃn̩/	所有物, 財產 /财产
wooden 形容词	/ˈwʊdn̩/	木製 /木制
define 动词	/dɪˈfaɪn/	界定
similarly 副词	/ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/	類似地 /类似地, 同樣地 /同样地
realistic 形容词	/ˌɹɪəˈlɪs.tɪk/	現實 /现实, 栩栩如生

视频中的语法

说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：

结构	视频中的用法
被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的	was made · can be guided · being buffeted
现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事	We've typically thought · have grasped

需要注意的发音

说话人用了 11 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 we've, isn't, it'll。请按听到的简短形式来说。

“th” 音: bother /ˈbɑðɚ/, blithely /ˈblaɪðli/
“sh” 和 “zh” 音: friendship /ˈfɹɛn(d)ʃɪp/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, possession /pəˈzɛʃn̩/, instruction /ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/, assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/
长单词——注意重音位置: similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/, ideally /aɪˈdi.ə.li/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, idealistic /ˌaɪ.di.əˈlɪ.stɪk/, habitual /həˈbɪ.t͡ʃʊ.əl/

中文母语者容易读错的音：

/v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: discover /dɪˈskʌvə/, involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/, naive /naɪˈiv/, carving /ˈkɑɹvɪŋ/
词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: friendship /ˈfɹɛn(d)ʃɪp/, grasp /ɡɹæsp/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, odd /ɑd/, engagement /ɪnˈɡeɪd͡ʒ.mənt/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: parental /pəˈɹɛn.təl/, practical /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/, realistic /ˌɹɪəˈlɪs.tɪk/, blueprint /ˈbluːˌpɹɪnt/

如何用这段视频练习

先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 ideal, friendship, grasp 这类单词。

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟读法: 阅读完整分步指南 →

跟读练习: PLATO ON: The Forms - 通过视频学习英语口语

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