Pratique du Shadowing: PLATO ON: The Forms - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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46 phrases
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Asking oneself and others what the perfect version of something is, the ideal version, might sound like a strange idea.
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What is the perfect marriage or career or system of government or school?
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It can feel immature and naive to bother much with such questions.
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They're just daydreams.
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After all, who cares about ideal versions?
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We might as well deal with with what we've got.
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But the great ancient
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Greek philosopher Plato strenuously disagrees with this.
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Throughout his work, he argues
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that focusing on the ideal version of something is one of the most useful kinds of thought exercises we can generate.
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It's by knowing what we think something should be like
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that we can more clearly start to define what might be wrong
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and focus on what we need to do to make the world slightly better.
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When he was talking about ideals, Plato used a slightly strange but ultimately rather useful word – the forms.
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So he asked not what is the ideal friendship or the ideal kind of parental love,
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he asked what is the form of friendship or the form of parental love.
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It does sound strange but what he had in mind was something very practical.
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When a Greek stonemason was carving an ornament, they wouldn't just make it up themselves,
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they'd make use of a wooden template or form to check if they were getting it right.
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The form itself was made by the master, but if the mason possessed the form, they could more reliably do perfect work.
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This is Plato's basic picture of what an ideal is.
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It's the guide you need that shows you how to do something well yourself.
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If you've got possession of the form, you can be guided towards a true goal.
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A form, as Plato sees it, is a blueprint, a set of instructions for making a very good version of something.
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That's why we all need a well -thought -through set of forms to guide us in life.
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And unsurprisingly, it is philosophy that can guide us to these forms.
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So, for example, the form of friendship is a mental model of what a really good friendship actually involves.
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And if you grasp this model, if this idea is active in your mind, you will know how to be a good friend.
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Similarly, having a form of education in mind is going to be very useful for the teacher.
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– it'll stop her being buffeted by events and day -to -day pressures – she'll be able to keep in mind where,
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ideally, she should be going.
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We've typically thought of ideals as fantasy projections that blithely ignore most of what life is actually like.
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We think of them as the opposite of being realistic.
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But Plato sees an ideal as the result of a deep understanding and careful engagement with reality.
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Someone setting up an airport would need in the platonic scheme to have in mind the ideal air traffic control system,
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something optimally effective, efficient and safe.
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This is the person who would, in Plato's terms, have grasped the form of air traffic control.
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We all need to have as many forms in mind as we possibly can.
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Plato is breaking the habitual assumption
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that searching for the ideal is at odds with getting things done in the rough and tumble of the real world.
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And he's pushing us to be more exacting about where we are trying to head to.
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If an ideal seems utterly distant and hopeless, maybe the problem isn't that it's too idealistic,
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but in a strange but important way, actually not idealistic enough.
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That is, we've not quite yet discovered the form.
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We shouldn't abandon our ideals.
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We should get more ambitious about them and Plato's philosophy is on hand to help us.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale s’appuie sur la vidéo « PLATO ON: The Forms ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : ideal, Plato, version, friendship, strange. Cette vidéo contient 46 phrases et 630 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 3:30. Le locuteur parle vite, environ 180 mots par minute : attendez-vous à des liaisons et à des sons réduits. 83 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| ideal adjectif | /aɪˈdi(ə)l/ | idéal |
| friendship nom | /ˈfɹɛn(d)ʃɪp/ | amitié |
| grasp verbe | /ɡɹæsp/ | saisir, agripper |
| parental adjectif | /pəˈɹɛn.təl/ | parental |
| ignore verbe | /ɪɡˈnɔː/ | ignorer, ne pas prêter attention à |
| practical adjectif | /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/ | pratique |
| argue verbe | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | affirmer, débattre |
| efficient adjectif | /ɪˈfɪʃənt/ | efficace |
| odd adjectif | /ɑd/ | bizarre, étrange |
| bother verbe | /ˈbɑðɚ/ | bâdrer, déranger |
| discover verbe | /dɪˈskʌvə/ | découvrir |
| possession nom | /pəˈzɛʃn̩/ | possession |
| wooden adjectif | /ˈwʊdn̩/ | boisé, en bois |
| define verbe | /dɪˈfaɪn/ | déterminer |
| similarly adverbe | /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/ | pareillement, semblablement |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| set up verbe | /ˌsɛt ˈʌp/ | mettre en place, installer |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | was made · can be guided · being buffeted |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | We've typically thought · have grasped |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 11 contractions et formes réduites, comme we've, isn't, it'll. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: bother /ˈbɑðɚ/, blithely /ˈblaɪðli/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: friendship /ˈfɹɛn(d)ʃɪp/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, possession /pəˈzɛʃn̩/, instruction /ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/, assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/, ideally /aɪˈdi.ə.li/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, idealistic /ˌaɪ.di.əˈlɪ.stɪk/, habitual /həˈbɪ.t͡ʃʊ.əl/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: hopeless /ˈhoʊplɪs/, habitual /həˈbɪ.t͡ʃʊ.əl/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: engagement /ɪnˈɡeɪd͡ʒ.mənt/, generate /ˈd͡ʒɛn.ə.ɹeɪt/, projection /pɹəˈd͡ʒɛkʃən/, habitual /həˈbɪ.t͡ʃʊ.əl/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: friendship /ˈfɹɛn(d)ʃɪp/, grasp /ɡɹæsp/, parental /pəˈɹɛn.təl/, practical /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/, argue /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme ideal, friendship, grasp.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.