Shadowing Practice: PLATO ON: The Forms - Learn English Speaking with Video
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Asking oneself and others what the perfect version of something is, the ideal version, might sound like a strange idea.
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What is the perfect marriage or career or system of government or school?
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It can feel immature and naive to bother much with such questions.
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They're just daydreams.
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After all, who cares about ideal versions?
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We might as well deal with with what we've got.
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But the great ancient
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Greek philosopher Plato strenuously disagrees with this.
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Throughout his work, he argues
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that focusing on the ideal version of something is one of the most useful kinds of thought exercises we can generate.
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It's by knowing what we think something should be like
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that we can more clearly start to define what might be wrong
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and focus on what we need to do to make the world slightly better.
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When he was talking about ideals, Plato used a slightly strange but ultimately rather useful word – the forms.
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So he asked not what is the ideal friendship or the ideal kind of parental love,
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he asked what is the form of friendship or the form of parental love.
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It does sound strange but what he had in mind was something very practical.
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When a Greek stonemason was carving an ornament, they wouldn't just make it up themselves,
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they'd make use of a wooden template or form to check if they were getting it right.
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The form itself was made by the master, but if the mason possessed the form, they could more reliably do perfect work.
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This is Plato's basic picture of what an ideal is.
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It's the guide you need that shows you how to do something well yourself.
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If you've got possession of the form, you can be guided towards a true goal.
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A form, as Plato sees it, is a blueprint, a set of instructions for making a very good version of something.
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That's why we all need a well -thought -through set of forms to guide us in life.
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And unsurprisingly, it is philosophy that can guide us to these forms.
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So, for example, the form of friendship is a mental model of what a really good friendship actually involves.
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And if you grasp this model, if this idea is active in your mind, you will know how to be a good friend.
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Similarly, having a form of education in mind is going to be very useful for the teacher.
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– it'll stop her being buffeted by events and day -to -day pressures – she'll be able to keep in mind where,
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ideally, she should be going.
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We've typically thought of ideals as fantasy projections that blithely ignore most of what life is actually like.
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We think of them as the opposite of being realistic.
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But Plato sees an ideal as the result of a deep understanding and careful engagement with reality.
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Someone setting up an airport would need in the platonic scheme to have in mind the ideal air traffic control system,
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something optimally effective, efficient and safe.
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This is the person who would, in Plato's terms, have grasped the form of air traffic control.
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We all need to have as many forms in mind as we possibly can.
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Plato is breaking the habitual assumption
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that searching for the ideal is at odds with getting things done in the rough and tumble of the real world.
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And he's pushing us to be more exacting about where we are trying to head to.
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If an ideal seems utterly distant and hopeless, maybe the problem isn't that it's too idealistic,
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but in a strange but important way, actually not idealistic enough.
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That is, we've not quite yet discovered the form.
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We shouldn't abandon our ideals.
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We should get more ambitious about them and Plato's philosophy is on hand to help us.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze spreekles is gebaseerd op de video “PLATO ON: The Forms”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: ideal, Plato, version, friendship, strange. Deze video bevat 46 zinnen en 630 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 3:30. De spreker praat snel, ongeveer 180 woorden per minuut, dus reken op verbonden en ingeslikte klanken. 83% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden; de rest kun je beter vooraf bekijken.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
15 woorden uit de video die het leren waard zijn, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| ideal bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /aɪˈdi(ə)l/ | ideaal, optimaal |
| friendship zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈfɹɛn(d)ʃɪp/ | vriendschap |
| grasp werkwoord | /ɡɹæsp/ | grijpen, vastpakken |
| parental bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /pəˈɹɛn.təl/ | ouderlijk |
| ignore werkwoord | /ɪɡˈnɔː/ | negeren |
| practical bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/ | praktisch |
| argue werkwoord | /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/ | redetwisten |
| efficient bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ɪˈfɪʃənt/ | efficiënt |
| odd bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ɑd/ | vreemd, merkwaardig |
| bother werkwoord | /ˈbɑðɚ/ | storen |
| discover werkwoord | /dɪˈskʌvə/ | ontdekken |
| possession zelfstandig naamwoord | /pəˈzɛʃn̩/ | bezetenheid |
| wooden bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈwʊdn̩/ | houten |
| define werkwoord | /dɪˈfaɪn/ | bepalen, determineren |
| similarly bijwoord | /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/ | gelijk, evenzo |
Phrasal verbs die je zult horen
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| set up werkwoord | /ˌsɛt ˈʌp/ | bereiden, voorbereiden |
| think through werkwoord | doordenken |
Grammatica in deze video
De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:
| Structuur | In de video |
|---|---|
| Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet | was made · can be guided · being buffeted |
| Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt | We've typically thought · have grasped |
Uitspraak om op te letten
De spreker gebruikt 11 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals we've, isn't, it'll. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.
- De “th”-klanken: bother /ˈbɑðɚ/, blithely /ˈblaɪðli/
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: friendship /ˈfɹɛn(d)ʃɪp/, efficient /ɪˈfɪʃənt/, possession /pəˈzɛʃn̩/, instruction /ɪnˈstɹʌkʃən/, assumption /əˈsʌm(p).ʃ(ə)n/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: similarly /ˈsɪm.ə.lə.li/, ideally /aɪˈdi.ə.li/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, idealistic /ˌaɪ.di.əˈlɪ.stɪk/, habitual /həˈbɪ.t͡ʃʊ.əl/
Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:
- Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: odd /ɑd/, involve /ɪnˈvɑlv/, naive /naɪˈiv/
- /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: grasp /ɡɹæsp/, practical /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.kəl/, abandon /əˈbæn.dən/, ambitious /æmˈbɪʃ.əs/
- /g/ — een harde plofklank, geen Nederlandse “g”: grasp /ɡɹæsp/, ignore /ɪɡˈnɔː/, argue /ˈɑɹ.ɡju/, engagement /ɪnˈɡeɪd͡ʒ.mənt/, disagree /dɪsəˈɡɹi/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als ideal, friendship, grasp.
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