Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: PHILOSOPHY - The Stoics
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The Stoicism This is a film about Stoicism and why you need more of it in your life.
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Because, as people seldom tell you, but we will quietly.
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Stoicism was a philosophy that flourished for 480 years in ancient Greece
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and Rome and was popular with everyone from slaves to the aristocracy.
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Because, unlike so much philosophy, it was helpful.
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Helpful when we panic, want to give up, despair and rage at existence.
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We still honour this philosophy whenever we think of someone as brave and without perhaps quite knowing why, call them stoic.
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There are two great philosophers of stoicism.
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The first is the Roman writer and tutor to Nero, Seneca.
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He lived between AD 4 and AD 65.
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That's right, tutor to Nero, the infamous dictator who slept with his own mother, raped young boys and just because he felt like it, asked his old tutor, Seneca,
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to commit suicide in front of his own family.
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And our other guide to Stoicism is the kind and magnanimous Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius, AD 121-180, who was forced to spend most of his reign on the edges of the empire,
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fighting off invincible Germanic hordes, but found time to write one of the greatest works of philosophy, the Meditations, in his tent at night.
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There are two problems Stoicism can help us with in particular.
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The first is anxiety.
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When you're feeling anxious about something, most people are maddening.
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They believe it's their duty to cheer you up.
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However intelligent they might otherwise be, they say things like it'll be okay, don't worry, even cheer up.
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The Stoics were appalled.
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They hated any kind of consolation that aims to give the listener hope.
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Hope is the opium of the emotions
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and must be stamped out conclusively for a person to stand any chance of inner peace.
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Because hope only lifts you up higher for the eventual fall.
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The Stoics advise us to take a different path.
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To be calm, one has to tell oneself something very dark.
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It will be terrible.
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I might have to go to prison.
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The lump really could be malign.
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I probably will be fired and humiliated, my friends almost certainly will succeed.
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But a huge, consoling stoic but.
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One must keep in mind that one will, nevertheless, be okay.
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Okay, because in the end, as Marcus Aurelius said, we are each of us stronger than we think.
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Prison won't be fun, nor we're losing one's job or being made a laughing stock, but one will get through it.
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Stoicism emboldens us against the worst fate can throw at us.
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And if you really, really can't take it, suicide is always an option.
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The Stoics mentioned this repeatedly.
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Here is Seneca.
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Can you no longer see a road to freedom?
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It's right in front of you.
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You need only turn over your wrists.
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To build up an impression of one's own resilience, the Stoics suggested one regularly rehearse worst-case scenarios.
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For example, twice a year, one should take off one's smart clothes, into some dirty rags, sleep on a rug in the kitchen floor
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and eat only stale bread and rainwater from an animal's bowl.
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And thereby, you'll make an amazing discovery.
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As Marcus Aurelius put it, almost nothing material is needed for a happy life for he who has understood existence.
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Another subject of interest to the Stoics was anger.
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Romans were a bad tempered lot.
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The Stoics wanted to calm them down, but they did so by an unusual route, by intellectual argument.
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They propose that getting angry isn't something you do by nature
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because you have a Latin temper or are somehow inherently hot blooded.
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It's the result of being stupid, of having the wrong ideas about life.
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Anger stems when misplaced hope smashes into unforeseen reality.
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We don't shout every time something bad happens to us, only when it's bad and unexpected.
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For example, you never shout just because it started raining, even though rain can be horrible, because you've learnt to expect rain.
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The same should apply to everything.
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Don't only expect rain, expect betrayal, infamy, sadism, theft, humiliation, lust, greed, spite.
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One will stop being so angry when one learns the true facts of the misery of life.
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The wise person should aim to reach a state where simply nothing could suddenly disturb their peace of mind.
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Every tragedy should already be priced in.
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We're going to leave you with the most beautiful remark that Seneca made, just as Nero's guards were grabbing him
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and shoving him into a bathroom where he was meant to take a sharp knife and kill himself.
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His wife, Polina, and two children were panicking, weeping, clinging to his cloaks.
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But Seneca turned to them, pulled a weary smile at them, and simply said, what need is there to weep over parts of life?
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The whole of it calls for tears.
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We have much to learn from the Stoics.
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Từ vựng và ghi chú luyện nói cho bài học này
Bài luyện nói trình độ C1 này dựa trên video “PHILOSOPHY - The Stoics”. Những từ được nhắc lại nhiều nhất trong bài: stoic, stoicism, Seneca, philosophy, Aurelius. Video này có 66 câu và 821 từ để luyện shadowing. Phần lời nói dài 4:28. Người nói nói nhanh, khoảng 184 từ mỗi phút, nên sẽ có nhiều chỗ nối âm và nuốt âm. Chỉ 80% số từ nằm trong 3.000 từ tiếng Anh thông dụng nhất, nên từ vựng khá khó.
Từ vựng quan trọng trong video
15 từ khó nhất trong video, kèm phiên âm và nghĩa:
| Từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa |
|---|---|---|
| stoicism danh từ | /ˈstoʊɪsɪzəm/ | chủ nghĩa khắc kỉ |
| tutor danh từ | /ˈtjuːtəː/ | gia sư |
| stoic tính từ | /ˈstoʊ.ɪk/ | khắc kỉ |
| weep động từ | /ˈwiːp/ | khóc |
| shout động từ | /ʃaʊt/ | kêu la, la hét |
| aristocracy danh từ | /ˌɛɹ.ɪˈstɑ.kɹə.si/ | chế độ quý tộc |
| humiliate động từ | /hjuːˈmɪliˌeɪt/ | làm nhục, sỉ nhục |
| rainwater danh từ | nước mưa | |
| rehearse động từ | /ɹɪˈhɝs/ | tập dượt |
| sadism danh từ | /ˈseɪdɪzəm/ | bạo dâm, ác dâm |
| listener danh từ | /ˈlɪs(ə)nɚ/ | thính giả, người nghe |
| humiliation danh từ | /hjuːˌmɪliˈeɪʃən/ | sự hạ thấp, sự làm nhục |
| disturb động từ | /dɪˈstɜːb/ | làm phiền, quấy rầy |
| resilience danh từ | /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/ | tính chống chịu |
| seldom trạng từ | /ˈsɛldəm/ | ít khi |
Cụm động từ bạn sẽ nghe
| Từ | Nghĩa |
|---|---|
| give up động từ | đầu hàng |
| take off động từ | bỏ |
Những câu đáng luyện lại
Các câu ngắn, trọn ý trong video mà bạn có thể dùng lại khi giao tiếp hằng ngày:
- They believe it's their duty to cheer you up.
- Can you no longer see a road to freedom?
- It's right in front of you.
Ngữ pháp trong video
Những cấu trúc người nói dùng nhiều nhất, kèm đúng cụm từ trong video:
| Cấu trúc | Trong video |
|---|---|
| Câu bị động be + quá khứ phân từ — nhấn vào việc xảy ra, không phải người làm | was forced · were appalled · must be stamped |
| Thì hiện tại hoàn thành have/has + quá khứ phân từ — việc đã xảy ra nhưng còn liên quan đến hiện tại | has understood · you've learnt |
Phát âm cần chú ý
Người nói dùng 12 dạng rút gọn, ví dụ don't, we're, can't. Hãy nói theo dạng ngắn đúng như bạn nghe.
- Âm “th”: thereby /ðɛɹˈbaɪ/, cloth /klɒθ/
- Âm “sh” và “zh”: shout /ʃaʊt/, flourish /ˈflʊ̈ɹ.ɪʃ/, consolation /ˌkɑn.səˈleɪ.ʃən/, humiliation /hjuːˌmɪliˈeɪʃən/, shove /ʃʌv/
- Từ dài — đặt trọng âm cho đúng: aristocracy /ˌɛɹ.ɪˈstɑ.kɹə.si/, humiliate /hjuːˈmɪliˌeɪt/, invincible /ɪnˈvɪn.sə.bəl/, magnanimous /mæɡˈnæn.ɪ.məs/, consolation /ˌkɑn.səˈleɪ.ʃən/
Những âm người Việt thường gặp khó:
- Cụm phụ âm cuối — đọc đủ từng âm, đừng nuốt âm cuối: resilience /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/, remark /ɹɪˈmɑɹk/, lump /lʌmp/, wrist /ɹɪst/, tent /tɛnt/
- Âm /æ/ — mở miệng rộng hơn âm “e”: magnanimous /mæɡˈnæn.ɪ.məs/, madden /ˈmædən/, smash /smæʃ/
- Phụ âm cuối — bật rõ âm cuối của từ: stoic /ˈstoʊ.ɪk/, weep /ˈwiːp/, shout /ʃaʊt/, humiliate /hjuːˈmɪliˌeɪt/, magnanimous /mæɡˈnæn.ɪ.məs/
Cách luyện với video này
- Nghe hết video một lần, chưa cần nói, và ghi lại những từ bạn chưa biết.
- Bắt đầu ở tốc độ 0,75×, nói đuổi từng câu, rồi quay lại tốc độ bình thường khi đã quen.
- Ghi âm giọng mình rồi so với bản gốc, chú ý các từ như stoicism, tutor, stoic.
Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?
Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.