シャドーイング練習: Eyewitness reliability: Đề thi IELTS LISTENING (actual test) - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

Now turn to section 3 on page 5.

Section 3.

You will hear two law students called Eleanor

and Jamie discussing their work on whether the evidence given by people who witness crimes is reliable.

First, you have some time to look at questions 21 to 26 on page 5.

Thank you.

Now listen carefully and answer questions 21 to 26.

Hi Jamie, I've just been reading this book about eyewitness testimonies.

It really goes into how much we can actually rely on what the people who witness crimes actually say

and what things influence eyewitness reliability.

Oh, I've read a couple of case studies on that too.

Can we compare notes?

Good idea!

It's fascinating to learn that eyewitness identification is such compelling evidence in both civil and criminal trials.

You mean if a witness says something, generally they're believed?

And reading between the lines, I'd say that when a witness gives evidence in a very self-assured way, everyone takes them at their word.

Whether they're a doctor who speaks with an assumed authority, or the average person in the street, it doesn't seem to matter as much as their manner.

Right.

So, is that textbook worth reading?

Yes, it's a good book, divided into user-friendly sections.

It refers to case studies and the conclusions are clearly underlined.

But actually, some of the cases are more than ten years old now.

Well, it's the same problem with the survey reports our tutor gave us.

But at least they draw on a representative sample.

That's good.

All the books point out that eyewitness statements are very often unreliable.

But there can be good reasons for that.

Like an incident may happen at night in the dark.

Or it happened some way away.

But it's the fact that it can happen in just a split second that makes the witness's account so unreliable.

That point's made very strongly in what I've read too.

Yeah.

Have you read anything about photo identifications?

Yes, about the procedure and the reliability of witnesses looking at photos of different people and picking out the suspect.

The case studies all clearly show how easy it is to sway a witness's choice of photo, even just by the flicker of an eye.

But steps have been taken now to avoid this happening.

And are the witnesses told exactly what they have to do?

Mostly.

But the trouble is, most people focus on the photos

and choose the most likely suspect from the bunch and forget about the actual incident and who they saw at the time.

And I read something about a naive observer.

Do you know what that is?

Is it a witness who's never been in a court before?

Oh, I understood it to mean someone who's had nothing to do with the event, and they're asked to look at the photos and pick out the potential suspect. That figures.

Then they can see if the photos are a good set and make sure one person doesn't stand out.

Another thing I read was that witnesses don't like to change their minds once they've made a particular statement.

I thought people might worry about the fact

that they told a lie in court

and think they might be punished in some way but it's simply that they're afraid of seeming unintelligent or lightweight.

Yeah, people are reluctant to lose face.

Imagine if a case had been going on for weeks and you suddenly realised you'd got something wrong right at the beginning.

Before you hear the rest of the discussion, you have some time to look at questions 27 to 30 on page 6.

Now listen and answer questions 27 to 30.

Changing the topic slightly, can I just check with you what you've understood about the problems of interviewing child witnesses

when they've witnessed, for example, a robbery?

Yes.

Did you get the handout about the stages that should be followed when children are interviewed?

Yes.

The rapport stage, when a relationship between the child and the interviewer is built up, seems to be crucial.

But many children fail to say anything that provides any real information.

It must be hard for them not to feel a bit scared about being in a formal setting like a court building.

Still, it's a good lead-in to open-ended questions, where the interviewer carefully sticks to their prepared questions in order to remain neutral.

I can see the point of that.

But the handout discusses the issue of children simply not understanding the specialist language used, so the whole interview just gets more puzzling for them.

I think the stage called closed questions is easier for children to handle,

they just have to answer yes or no. But everything's not so clear-cut in a child's world,

and abstract concepts such as honesty haven't been fully grasped by young children.

You mean they make things up?

Apparently.

And in the final stage, closure, where the interviewer has to check anything that hasn't been made clear to them by repeating previous questions,

children often become suspicious of the questioner.

It must require lots of training to be able to interview children successfully.

Yes, I think...

That is the end of Section 3.

You now have half a minute to check your answers.

Thank you.

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイング練習: Eyewitness reliability: Đề thi IELTS LISTENING (actual test) - 動画で英語スピーキングを学ぶ

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シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由