쉐도잉 연습: What is Narcolepsy? - 영상으로 영어 말하기 배우기
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And how to kind of try to describe it to them.
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I found over time it's really difficult for people to understand it.
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It's just very complicated with this tiredness, the cataplexy, the fragmented sleep at night.
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If you're a normal person, you've got sleep and you've got your waking life.
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And occasionally they'll overlap a little bit.
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For me, I live in this world that is very rarely am I fully awake and very rarely am I fully asleep.
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I live in the in-between.
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I'm Tom Scanlon.
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I'm a professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School.
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Narcolepsy is a neurologic disorder.
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It is one of the most common sleep disorders.
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It affects about one in two thousand people.
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It doesn't matter how much sleep they get at night, they're going to feel sleepy every day.
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People also can have a variety of other symptoms.
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These include hypnagogic hallucinations, where they can have very vivid dreamlike hallucinations just as they're drifting off to sleep
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or just when they awaken.
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They can have something called sleep paralysis, where as they're falling asleep or sometimes when they wake up, they can't move.
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And then there's cataplexy, which is similar to sleep paralysis.
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The distinction is that cataplexy occurs right in the middle of the day, and it's triggered by strong emotions.
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And then the last thing, which is perhaps sort of one of the strangest of all,
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is that, considering that somebody with narcolepsy is often very sleepy through the day, they often have fragmented sleep at night.
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They can wake up four or five times for 10 or 20 minutes for no clear reason.
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And so in the same way that they have trouble maintaining wakefulness through the day, they they can have trouble maintaining sleep through the night.
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Somewhere between age 10 and age 20 or so is when narcolepsy begins.
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People usually start off with sleepiness and then the other symptoms follow.
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So there's a number of different systems in the brain that are involved in promoting arousal or wakefulness and sleep.
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Up here is the cortex.
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This is the front near the forehead.
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Here's the back.
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This is the brainstem coming down here.
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And this is the cerebellum, which is involved in balance.
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The brainstem is the site that most of these arousal promoting signals come from.
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And those cells send connections up throughout the whole front part of the brain,
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and they help turn on the cortex and other parts of the brain when you're awake.
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There's also some cells in a small region called the hypothalamus
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that are involved in promoting sleep
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and these sleep promoting cells one of the things they do is they actually turn off the wake promoting cells
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and so that allows you to be fully asleep without any hint of consciousness.
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This is called the mammillary body and just above it right here is where the hypocretin neurons sit.
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And this is a really critical collection of neurons,
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brain cells, that makes very particular and special neurotransmitters known as hypocretin or orexin.
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Those are just two names for the same thing.
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The hypocretin producing cells help activate and sustain activity in the other weight promoting brain regions across the day.
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The brain contains billions of neurons and And only a very, very small number of these produce hypocretin.
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It's probably somewhere between 100,000 and 200,000, which sounds like a large number, but when you compare it to 10 billion neurons, it's really very small.
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In narcolepsy, those hypocretin-producing cells die off.
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When you look closely at the brain of somebody who has narcolepsy, what you see is about a 90 to 95% loss of the hypocretin-producing neurons.
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So there's two broad themes that are being pursued in narcolepsy research right now.
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One theme is to understand what goes wrong in the brain when the hypocretin-producing cells die off.
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How does that lead to sleepiness and cataplexing and other symptoms?
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Another big theme is trying to understand what actually kills the hypocretin neurons in the first place.
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Because if we could understand that, then it's possible that if one could diagnose and recognize narcolepsy right at the earliest stages,
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we might be able to get in and stop that process.
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As we've discovered more and more about what's actually causing the hypocretin neurons to die off,
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and as we've discovered more about the consequences of that for the brain,
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it's really given us a lot of hope for new opportunities for coming up with better therapies for people with narcolepsy.
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If we could get hypocretin back in the brain somehow, that would be potentially as great is giving insulin to people with diabetes.
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It would really be the missing factor coming back into play.
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And it could, in theory, cure their sleepiness and cure their cataplexy in the most thorough fashion.
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Right now, scientists are working with a variety of techniques to try to get hypocretin signaling back into the brain.
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But the hope is that in 5, 10, or 15 years, we may see those hypocretin replacement therapies coming into clinical practice.
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이 레슨의 어휘와 말하기 포인트
이 말하기 레슨은 영상 “What is Narcolepsy?”을(를) 바탕으로 합니다. 가장 자주 반복되는 단어는 다음과 같습니다: hypocretin, sleep, brain, narcolepsy, cells. 이 영상에는 섀도잉할 문장 61개와 단어 843개가 있습니다. 말하는 구간의 길이는 4:59입니다. 화자는 분당 약 169단어로, 일상 대화에 가까운 자연스러운 속도로 말합니다. 단어의 83%가 영어에서 가장 많이 쓰이는 3,000단어에 속합니다. 나머지는 연습 전에 미리 확인해 두세요.
이 영상의 핵심 어휘
영상에 나오는 익혀 둘 만한 단어 15개를 발음, 뜻과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 단어 | 발음 | 뜻 |
|---|---|---|
| asleep 형용사 | /əˈsliːp/ | 잠들다 |
| symptom 명사 | /ˈsɪm(p)təm/ | 증상, 증후 |
| discover 동사 | /dɪˈskʌvə/ | 발견하다 |
| cure 동사 | /kjɔː/ | 치료하다, 고치다 |
| disorder 명사 | /dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/ | 혼란 |
| awake 동사 | /əˈweɪk/ | 일어나다 |
| sleepy 형용사 | /ˈsliːpi/ | 졸리다 |
| cortex 명사 | /ˈkɔɹtɛks/ | 피질 |
| fragment 명사 | /ˈfɹæɡmənt/ | 조각, 파편 |
| complicated 형용사 | /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/ | 복잡하다 |
| occur 동사 | /əˈkɜː/ | 일어나다, 발생하다 |
| technique 명사 | /tɛkˈniːk/ | 기술 |
| compare 동사 | /kəmˈpɛɚ/ | 비교하다, 비유하다 |
| occasionally 부사 | /əˈkeɪʒənəli/ | 가끔 |
| pursue 동사 | /pɚˈsu/ | 뒤쫓다 |
영상에 나오는 구동사
| 단어 | 발음 | 뜻 |
|---|---|---|
| wake up 동사 | /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ | 눈뜨다, 일어나다 |
| come down 동사 | 내려오다 | |
| turn off 동사 | 끄다, 턴오프하다 |
이 영상의 문법
화자가 가장 많이 쓰는 문형을 영상 속 실제 표현과 함께 정리했습니다.
| 문형 | 영상 속 표현 |
|---|---|
| 수동태 be + 과거분사 — 누가 하는지보다 무슨 일이 일어나는지에 초점 | are involved · is involved · is called |
| 관계절 who / which + 절 — 사람이나 사물에 대한 추가 정보 | cataplexy, which is · thing, which is · cerebellum, which is |
| 현재완료 have/has + 과거분사 — 과거의 일이 지금도 관련이 있을 때 | have fragmented · we've discovered |
주의할 발음
화자는 they're, I'm, we've 같은 축약형과 약화된 형태를 14번 사용합니다. 들리는 대로 짧게 발음하세요.
- “sh”와 “zh” 소리: occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/, consciousness /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/, distinction /dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/
- 긴 단어 — 강세 위치에 주의: complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, neurological /nɝəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/, hypocretin /ˌhaɪ.poʊˈkɹiː.tən/
한국어 화자가 어려워하는 소리:
- /f/ — ㅍ(/p/)으로 바꾸지 말고 윗니를 아랫입술에 대기: fragment /ˈfɹæɡmənt/, forehead /ˈfɔɹ.hɛd/, drift /dɹɪft/, wakefulness /ˈweɪk.fʊl.nəs/
- /v/ — ㅂ(/b/)과 구별하기: discover /dɪˈskʌvə/, activate /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/, vivid /ˈvɪvɪd/, overlap /ˌəʊvəˈlæp/
- /z/ — ㅈ이 아니라 성대를 울리는 /s/: diabetes /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz/, arousal /əˈɹaʊzəl/
이 영상으로 연습하는 방법
- 먼저 말하지 않고 영상을 끝까지 듣고 모르는 단어를 적어 둡니다.
- 0.75배속으로 한 문장씩 섀도잉을 시작하고, 익숙해지면 보통 속도로 돌아갑니다.
- 자신의 목소리를 녹음해 원본과 비교하고, asleep, symptom, discover 같은 단어에 특히 주의합니다.
쉐도잉이란? 영어 실력을 빠르게 키우는 과학적 방법
쉐도잉(Shadowing)은 원래 전문 통역사 훈련을 위해 개발된 언어 학습 기법으로, 다언어 학자인 Dr. Alexander Arguelles에 의해 대중화된 방법입니다. 핵심 원리는 간단하지만 매우 강력합니다: 원어민의 영어를 들으면서 1~2초의 짧은 지연으로 즉시 소리 내어 따라 말하는 것——마치 '그림자(shadow)'처럼 화자를 따라가는 것입니다. 문법 공부나 수동적인 청취와 달리, 쉐도잉은 뇌와 입 근육이 동시에 실시간으로 영어를 처리하고 재현하도록 훈련합니다. 연구에 따르면 이 방법은 발음 정확도, 억양, 리듬, 연음, 청취력, 말하기 유창성을 크게 향상시킵니다. IELTS 스피킹 준비와 자연스러운 영어 소통을 원하는 분들에게 특히 효과적입니다.