Shadowing Practice: What is Narcolepsy? - Learn English Speaking with Video

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And how to kind of try to describe it to them.

I found over time it's really difficult for people to understand it.

It's just very complicated with this tiredness, the cataplexy, the fragmented sleep at night.

If you're a normal person, you've got sleep and you've got your waking life.

And occasionally they'll overlap a little bit.

For me, I live in this world that is very rarely am I fully awake and very rarely am I fully asleep.

I live in the in-between.

I'm Tom Scanlon.

I'm a professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School.

Narcolepsy is a neurologic disorder.

It is one of the most common sleep disorders.

It affects about one in two thousand people.

It doesn't matter how much sleep they get at night, they're going to feel sleepy every day.

People also can have a variety of other symptoms.

These include hypnagogic hallucinations, where they can have very vivid dreamlike hallucinations just as they're drifting off to sleep

or just when they awaken.

They can have something called sleep paralysis, where as they're falling asleep or sometimes when they wake up, they can't move.

And then there's cataplexy, which is similar to sleep paralysis.

The distinction is that cataplexy occurs right in the middle of the day, and it's triggered by strong emotions.

And then the last thing, which is perhaps sort of one of the strangest of all,

is that, considering that somebody with narcolepsy is often very sleepy through the day, they often have fragmented sleep at night.

They can wake up four or five times for 10 or 20 minutes for no clear reason.

And so in the same way that they have trouble maintaining wakefulness through the day, they they can have trouble maintaining sleep through the night.

Somewhere between age 10 and age 20 or so is when narcolepsy begins.

People usually start off with sleepiness and then the other symptoms follow.

So there's a number of different systems in the brain that are involved in promoting arousal or wakefulness and sleep.

Up here is the cortex.

This is the front near the forehead.

Here's the back.

This is the brainstem coming down here.

And this is the cerebellum, which is involved in balance.

The brainstem is the site that most of these arousal promoting signals come from.

And those cells send connections up throughout the whole front part of the brain,

and they help turn on the cortex and other parts of the brain when you're awake.

There's also some cells in a small region called the hypothalamus

that are involved in promoting sleep

and these sleep promoting cells one of the things they do is they actually turn off the wake promoting cells

and so that allows you to be fully asleep without any hint of consciousness.

This is called the mammillary body and just above it right here is where the hypocretin neurons sit.

And this is a really critical collection of neurons,

brain cells, that makes very particular and special neurotransmitters known as hypocretin or orexin.

Those are just two names for the same thing.

The hypocretin producing cells help activate and sustain activity in the other weight promoting brain regions across the day.

The brain contains billions of neurons and And only a very, very small number of these produce hypocretin.

It's probably somewhere between 100,000 and 200,000, which sounds like a large number, but when you compare it to 10 billion neurons, it's really very small.

In narcolepsy, those hypocretin-producing cells die off.

When you look closely at the brain of somebody who has narcolepsy, what you see is about a 90 to 95% loss of the hypocretin-producing neurons.

So there's two broad themes that are being pursued in narcolepsy research right now.

One theme is to understand what goes wrong in the brain when the hypocretin-producing cells die off.

How does that lead to sleepiness and cataplexing and other symptoms?

Another big theme is trying to understand what actually kills the hypocretin neurons in the first place.

Because if we could understand that, then it's possible that if one could diagnose and recognize narcolepsy right at the earliest stages,

we might be able to get in and stop that process.

As we've discovered more and more about what's actually causing the hypocretin neurons to die off,

and as we've discovered more about the consequences of that for the brain,

it's really given us a lot of hope for new opportunities for coming up with better therapies for people with narcolepsy.

If we could get hypocretin back in the brain somehow, that would be potentially as great is giving insulin to people with diabetes.

It would really be the missing factor coming back into play.

And it could, in theory, cure their sleepiness and cure their cataplexy in the most thorough fashion.

Right now, scientists are working with a variety of techniques to try to get hypocretin signaling back into the brain.

But the hope is that in 5, 10, or 15 years, we may see those hypocretin replacement therapies coming into clinical practice.

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Vocabulario y notas de pronunciación para esta lección

Esta lección de conversación se basa en el vídeo “What is Narcolepsy?”. Las palabras que más se repiten: hypocretin, sleep, brain, narcolepsy, cells. Este vídeo tiene 61 frases y 843 palabras para practicar shadowing. La parte hablada dura 4:59. El hablante habla a un ritmo natural de unas 169 palabras por minuto, cercano a una conversación cotidiana. El 83 % de las palabras está entre las 3.000 más comunes del inglés; conviene repasar el resto antes de empezar.

Vocabulario clave de este vídeo

15 palabras del vídeo que vale la pena aprender, con su pronunciación y significado:

Palabra	Pronunciación	Significado
asleep adjetivo	/əˈsliːp/	dormido, jato
symptom sustantivo	/ˈsɪm(p)təm/	síntoma
rarely adverbio	/ˈɹɛəɹli/	rara vez, raramente
discover verbo	/dɪˈskʌvə/	descubrir
cure verbo	/kjɔː/	curar
disorder sustantivo	/dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/	desorden
awake verbo	/əˈweɪk/	despertarse
sleepy adjetivo	/ˈsliːpi/	tener sueño, cansado
fragment sustantivo	/ˈfɹæɡmənt/	fragmento
complicated adjetivo	/ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/	complicado
occur verbo	/əˈkɜː/	ocurrir
technique sustantivo	/tɛkˈniːk/	técnica
compare verbo	/kəmˈpɛɚ/	comparar, parangonar
replacement sustantivo	/ɹɪˈpleɪsmənt/	reemplazo, remplazo
occasionally adverbio	/əˈkeɪʒənəli/	ocasionalmente, de vez en cuando

Phrasal verbs que vas a escuchar

Palabra	Pronunciación	Significado
wake up verbo	/ˌweɪk ˈʌp/	despertarse, recordar
come up with verbo		ingeniar, ingeniarse
turn off verbo		apagar

Gramática en este vídeo

Las estructuras que más usa el hablante, con las palabras exactas del vídeo:

Estructura	En el vídeo
Voz pasiva be + participio pasado — importa lo que ocurre, no quién lo hace	are involved · is involved · is called
Oraciones de relativo who / which + oración — información extra sobre una persona o cosa	cataplexy, which is · thing, which is · cerebellum, which is
Present perfect have/has + participio pasado — una acción pasada que sigue importando ahora	have fragmented · we've discovered

Pronunciación a tener en cuenta

El hablante usa 14 contracciones y formas reducidas, como they're, I'm, we've. Dilas en su forma corta, tal como las oyes.

Los sonidos de “sh” y “zh”: occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/, consciousness /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/, distinction /dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/
Palabras largas — cuida el acento: complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, neurological /nɝəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/, hypocretin /ˌhaɪ.poʊˈkɹiː.tən/

Sonidos difíciles para hispanohablantes:

/v/ — no es /b/: los dientes tocan el labio inferior: discover /dɪˈskʌvə/, activate /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/, vivid /ˈvɪvɪd/, overlap /ˌəʊvəˈlæp/
/z/ — sonora, no /s/: diabetes /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz/, arousal /əˈɹaʊzəl/
/dʒ/ — no es la “y” ni la “ch”: neurological /nɝəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/, hypnagogic /ˌhɪpnəˈɡɑd͡ʒɪk/, neurology /n(j)ʊ(ə)ˈɹɒləd͡ʒi/

Cómo practicar con este vídeo

Escucha el vídeo entero una vez sin hablar y anota las palabras que no conoces.
Empieza a velocidad 0,75×, haz shadowing frase por frase y vuelve a la velocidad normal cuando te resulte fácil.
Grábate y compara con el original, prestando atención a palabras como asleep, symptom, rarely.

¿Qué es la Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing es una técnica de aprendizaje de idiomas respaldada por la ciencia, desarrollada originalmente para la formación de intérpretes profesionales y popularizada por el políglota Dr. Alexander Arguelles. El método es simple pero poderoso: escuchas audio en inglés nativo y lo repites en voz alta de inmediato, como una sombra que sigue al hablante con solo 1-2 segundos de retraso. A diferencia de la escucha pasiva o los ejercicios de gramática, el shadowing obliga a tu cerebro y músculos de la boca a procesar y reproducir simultáneamente patrones de habla reales. Las investigaciones muestran que mejora significativamente la precisión de la pronunciación, la entonación, el ritmo, el habla conectada, la comprensión auditiva y la fluidez al hablar, convirtiéndola en una de las metodologías más efectivas para la preparación del IELTS Speaking y la comunicación en inglés en el mundo real.

Técnica de shadowing: lee la guía completa paso a paso →

Shadowing Practice: What is Narcolepsy? - Learn English Speaking with Video

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