Shadowing Practice: What is Narcolepsy? - Learn English Speaking with Video

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And how to kind of try to describe it to them.

I found over time it's really difficult for people to understand it.

It's just very complicated with this tiredness, the cataplexy, the fragmented sleep at night.

If you're a normal person, you've got sleep and you've got your waking life.

And occasionally they'll overlap a little bit.

For me, I live in this world that is very rarely am I fully awake and very rarely am I fully asleep.

I live in the in-between.

I'm Tom Scanlon.

I'm a professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School.

Narcolepsy is a neurologic disorder.

It is one of the most common sleep disorders.

It affects about one in two thousand people.

It doesn't matter how much sleep they get at night, they're going to feel sleepy every day.

People also can have a variety of other symptoms.

These include hypnagogic hallucinations, where they can have very vivid dreamlike hallucinations just as they're drifting off to sleep

or just when they awaken.

They can have something called sleep paralysis, where as they're falling asleep or sometimes when they wake up, they can't move.

And then there's cataplexy, which is similar to sleep paralysis.

The distinction is that cataplexy occurs right in the middle of the day, and it's triggered by strong emotions.

And then the last thing, which is perhaps sort of one of the strangest of all,

is that, considering that somebody with narcolepsy is often very sleepy through the day, they often have fragmented sleep at night.

They can wake up four or five times for 10 or 20 minutes for no clear reason.

And so in the same way that they have trouble maintaining wakefulness through the day, they they can have trouble maintaining sleep through the night.

Somewhere between age 10 and age 20 or so is when narcolepsy begins.

People usually start off with sleepiness and then the other symptoms follow.

So there's a number of different systems in the brain that are involved in promoting arousal or wakefulness and sleep.

Up here is the cortex.

This is the front near the forehead.

Here's the back.

This is the brainstem coming down here.

And this is the cerebellum, which is involved in balance.

The brainstem is the site that most of these arousal promoting signals come from.

And those cells send connections up throughout the whole front part of the brain,

and they help turn on the cortex and other parts of the brain when you're awake.

There's also some cells in a small region called the hypothalamus

that are involved in promoting sleep

and these sleep promoting cells one of the things they do is they actually turn off the wake promoting cells

and so that allows you to be fully asleep without any hint of consciousness.

This is called the mammillary body and just above it right here is where the hypocretin neurons sit.

And this is a really critical collection of neurons,

brain cells, that makes very particular and special neurotransmitters known as hypocretin or orexin.

Those are just two names for the same thing.

The hypocretin producing cells help activate and sustain activity in the other weight promoting brain regions across the day.

The brain contains billions of neurons and And only a very, very small number of these produce hypocretin.

It's probably somewhere between 100,000 and 200,000, which sounds like a large number, but when you compare it to 10 billion neurons, it's really very small.

In narcolepsy, those hypocretin-producing cells die off.

When you look closely at the brain of somebody who has narcolepsy, what you see is about a 90 to 95% loss of the hypocretin-producing neurons.

So there's two broad themes that are being pursued in narcolepsy research right now.

One theme is to understand what goes wrong in the brain when the hypocretin-producing cells die off.

How does that lead to sleepiness and cataplexing and other symptoms?

Another big theme is trying to understand what actually kills the hypocretin neurons in the first place.

Because if we could understand that, then it's possible that if one could diagnose and recognize narcolepsy right at the earliest stages,

we might be able to get in and stop that process.

As we've discovered more and more about what's actually causing the hypocretin neurons to die off,

and as we've discovered more about the consequences of that for the brain,

it's really given us a lot of hope for new opportunities for coming up with better therapies for people with narcolepsy.

If we could get hypocretin back in the brain somehow, that would be potentially as great is giving insulin to people with diabetes.

It would really be the missing factor coming back into play.

And it could, in theory, cure their sleepiness and cure their cataplexy in the most thorough fashion.

Right now, scientists are working with a variety of techniques to try to get hypocretin signaling back into the brain.

But the hope is that in 5, 10, or 15 years, we may see those hypocretin replacement therapies coming into clinical practice.

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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les

Deze spreekles is gebaseerd op de video “What is Narcolepsy?”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: hypocretin, sleep, brain, narcolepsy, cells. Deze video bevat 61 zinnen en 843 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 4:59. De spreker praat in een natuurlijk tempo van ongeveer 169 woorden per minuut, dicht bij een alledaags gesprek. 83% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden; de rest kun je beter vooraf bekijken.

Belangrijke woorden in deze video

15 woorden uit de video die het leren waard zijn, met uitspraak en betekenis:

Woord	Uitspraak	Betekenis
asleep bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/əˈsliːp/	slapend
symptom zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈsɪm(p)təm/	symptoom
rarely bijwoord	/ˈɹɛəɹli/	zelden
discover werkwoord	/dɪˈskʌvə/	ontdekken
cure werkwoord	/kjɔː/	genezen, helen
disorder zelfstandig naamwoord	/dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/	stoornis
awake werkwoord	/əˈweɪk/	ontwaken
sleepy bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/ˈsliːpi/	slaperig
fragment zelfstandig naamwoord	/ˈfɹæɡmənt/	fragment
complicated bijvoeglijk naamwoord	/ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/	ingewikkeld, gecompliceerd
occur werkwoord	/əˈkɜː/	plaatsvinden
technique zelfstandig naamwoord	/tɛkˈniːk/	techniek
compare werkwoord	/kəmˈpɛɚ/	vergelijken
replacement zelfstandig naamwoord	/ɹɪˈpleɪsmənt/	vervanger, plaatsvervanger
occasionally bijwoord	/əˈkeɪʒənəli/	af en toe, wel eens

Phrasal verbs die je zult horen

Woord	Uitspraak	Betekenis
wake up werkwoord	/ˌweɪk ˈʌp/	wakker worden, ontwaken
come up with werkwoord		bedenken, verzinnen
turn off werkwoord		uitzetten, uitschakelen

Grammatica in deze video

De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:

Structuur	In de video
Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet	are involved · is involved · is called
Betrekkelijke bijzinnen who / which + zin — extra informatie over een persoon of ding	cataplexy, which is · thing, which is · cerebellum, which is
Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt	have fragmented · we've discovered

Uitspraak om op te letten

De spreker gebruikt 14 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals they're, I'm, we've. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.

De klanken “sh” en “zh”: occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/, consciousness /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/, distinction /dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/
Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, neurological /nɝəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/, hypocretin /ˌhaɪ.poʊˈkɹiː.tən/

Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:

Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, diabetes /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz/, forehead /ˈfɔɹ.hɛd/, vivid /ˈvɪvɪd/
/æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: fragment /ˈfɹæɡmənt/, activate /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/, overlap /ˌəʊvəˈlæp/, cataplexy /ˈkætəˌplɛksi/, paralysis /pəˈɹæləsəs/
/g/ — een harde plofklank, geen Nederlandse “g”: fragment /ˈfɹæɡmənt/, trigger /ˈtɹɪɡɚ/, diagnose /ˈdaɪ.əɡˌnoʊs/, hypnagogic /ˌhɪpnəˈɡɑd͡ʒɪk/

Zo oefen je met deze video

Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
Begin op 0,75× snelheid, spreek zin voor zin na en ga terug naar normale snelheid zodra het makkelijk gaat.
Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als asleep, symptom, rarely.

Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?

Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.

Shadowing-techniek: lees de volledige stap-voor-stap-gids →

Shadowing Practice: What is Narcolepsy? - Learn English Speaking with Video

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