Prática de Shadowing: What is Narcolepsy? - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo

Escolha um modo de prática

Cada modo abre uma sala de prática em tela cheia.

61 frases

Se as frases estiverem muito curtas ou longas, clique em Edit para ajustá-las.

And how to kind of try to describe it to them.

I found over time it's really difficult for people to understand it.

It's just very complicated with this tiredness, the cataplexy, the fragmented sleep at night.

If you're a normal person, you've got sleep and you've got your waking life.

And occasionally they'll overlap a little bit.

For me, I live in this world that is very rarely am I fully awake and very rarely am I fully asleep.

I live in the in-between.

I'm Tom Scanlon.

I'm a professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School.

Narcolepsy is a neurologic disorder.

It is one of the most common sleep disorders.

It affects about one in two thousand people.

It doesn't matter how much sleep they get at night, they're going to feel sleepy every day.

People also can have a variety of other symptoms.

These include hypnagogic hallucinations, where they can have very vivid dreamlike hallucinations just as they're drifting off to sleep

or just when they awaken.

They can have something called sleep paralysis, where as they're falling asleep or sometimes when they wake up, they can't move.

And then there's cataplexy, which is similar to sleep paralysis.

The distinction is that cataplexy occurs right in the middle of the day, and it's triggered by strong emotions.

And then the last thing, which is perhaps sort of one of the strangest of all,

is that, considering that somebody with narcolepsy is often very sleepy through the day, they often have fragmented sleep at night.

They can wake up four or five times for 10 or 20 minutes for no clear reason.

And so in the same way that they have trouble maintaining wakefulness through the day, they they can have trouble maintaining sleep through the night.

Somewhere between age 10 and age 20 or so is when narcolepsy begins.

People usually start off with sleepiness and then the other symptoms follow.

So there's a number of different systems in the brain that are involved in promoting arousal or wakefulness and sleep.

Up here is the cortex.

This is the front near the forehead.

Here's the back.

This is the brainstem coming down here.

And this is the cerebellum, which is involved in balance.

The brainstem is the site that most of these arousal promoting signals come from.

And those cells send connections up throughout the whole front part of the brain,

and they help turn on the cortex and other parts of the brain when you're awake.

There's also some cells in a small region called the hypothalamus

that are involved in promoting sleep

and these sleep promoting cells one of the things they do is they actually turn off the wake promoting cells

and so that allows you to be fully asleep without any hint of consciousness.

This is called the mammillary body and just above it right here is where the hypocretin neurons sit.

And this is a really critical collection of neurons,

brain cells, that makes very particular and special neurotransmitters known as hypocretin or orexin.

Those are just two names for the same thing.

The hypocretin producing cells help activate and sustain activity in the other weight promoting brain regions across the day.

The brain contains billions of neurons and And only a very, very small number of these produce hypocretin.

It's probably somewhere between 100,000 and 200,000, which sounds like a large number, but when you compare it to 10 billion neurons, it's really very small.

In narcolepsy, those hypocretin-producing cells die off.

When you look closely at the brain of somebody who has narcolepsy, what you see is about a 90 to 95% loss of the hypocretin-producing neurons.

So there's two broad themes that are being pursued in narcolepsy research right now.

One theme is to understand what goes wrong in the brain when the hypocretin-producing cells die off.

How does that lead to sleepiness and cataplexing and other symptoms?

Another big theme is trying to understand what actually kills the hypocretin neurons in the first place.

Because if we could understand that, then it's possible that if one could diagnose and recognize narcolepsy right at the earliest stages,

we might be able to get in and stop that process.

As we've discovered more and more about what's actually causing the hypocretin neurons to die off,

and as we've discovered more about the consequences of that for the brain,

it's really given us a lot of hope for new opportunities for coming up with better therapies for people with narcolepsy.

If we could get hypocretin back in the brain somehow, that would be potentially as great is giving insulin to people with diabetes.

It would really be the missing factor coming back into play.

And it could, in theory, cure their sleepiness and cure their cataplexy in the most thorough fashion.

Right now, scientists are working with a variety of techniques to try to get hypocretin signaling back into the brain.

But the hope is that in 5, 10, or 15 years, we may see those hypocretin replacement therapies coming into clinical practice.

Baixar aplicativo

Tudo o que você precisa para falar fluentemente

Pronúncia com IANota em cada frase

Prática de IPADomine cada som

VocabulárioMonte seu banco de palavras

Jogo de vocabulárioAprenda brincando

Escaneie o QR

Download on theApp Store Get it onGoogle Play

Mesmo canal

2021 Class Day Address: HMS Dean George Q. Daley

Daily ConversationUniversity Students

FOR YOU

Vídeo recomendado

13 frases

Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição

Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “What is Narcolepsy?”. As palavras que mais se repetem: hypocretin, sleep, brain, narcolepsy, cells. Este vídeo tem 61 frases e 843 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 4:59. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 169 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. 83% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.

Vocabulário principal deste vídeo

15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:

Palavra	Pronúncia	Significado
asleep adjetivo	/əˈsliːp/	dormindo
symptom substantivo	/ˈsɪm(p)təm/	sintoma
rarely advérbio	/ˈɹɛəɹli/	raramente
discover verbo	/dɪˈskʌvə/	descobrir
cure verbo	/kjɔː/	curar, sanar
disorder substantivo	/dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/	desordem
awake verbo	/əˈweɪk/	acordar, despertar
sleepy adjetivo	/ˈsliːpi/	sonolento, com sono
cortex substantivo	/ˈkɔɹtɛks/	córtex
fragment substantivo	/ˈfɹæɡmənt/	fragmento
complicated adjetivo	/ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/	complicado
occur verbo	/əˈkɜː/	ocorrer, acontecer
technique substantivo	/tɛkˈniːk/	técnica
compare verbo	/kəmˈpɛɚ/	comparar
replacement substantivo	/ɹɪˈpleɪsmənt/	substituto

Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir

Palavra	Pronúncia	Significado
wake up verbo	/ˌweɪk ˈʌp/	acordar, despertar
come up with verbo		pensar (em), alcançar
turn off verbo		desligar, apagar

Gramática neste vídeo

As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:

Estrutura	No vídeo
Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz	are involved · is involved · is called
Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa	cataplexy, which is · thing, which is · cerebellum, which is
Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora	have fragmented · we've discovered

Pronúncia para ficar de olho

O falante usa 14 contrações e formas reduzidas, como they're, I'm, we've. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.

Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/, consciousness /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/, distinction /dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/
Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, neurological /nɝəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/, hypocretin /ˌhaɪ.poʊˈkɹiː.tən/

Sons difíceis para falantes de português:

Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: asleep /əˈsliːp/, awake /əˈweɪk/, fragment /ˈfɹæɡmənt/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, technique /tɛkˈniːk/
/l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: neurological /nɝəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/, arousal /əˈɹaʊzəl/
/h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: hint /hɪnt/, forehead /ˈfɔɹ.hɛd/, hypocretin /ˌhaɪ.poʊˈkɹiː.tən/, hallucination /həˌluːsɪˈneɪʃən/, hypnagogic /ˌhɪpnəˈɡɑd͡ʒɪk/

Como praticar com este vídeo

Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como asleep, symptom, rarely.

O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.

Técnica de shadowing: leia o guia completo passo a passo →

Prática de Shadowing: What is Narcolepsy? - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo

Escolha um modo de prática

Baixar aplicativo

2021 Class Day Address: HMS Dean George Q. Daley

How Caffeine Works

What it's like to have schizophrenia

Narcolepsy Visually Explained

How to sleep better by knowing your chronotype

What happens to your brain when you’re dreaming

A Lawyer Couldn't Sleep For 9 Days. This Is What Happened To Her Colon.

How Doctors Think (And Students Don't)

Neuroscientist Explains: Why You're Always Tired (and How to Fix It)

MRI-Negative Epilepsy

Every Type of Depression Explained in 16 Minutes

Sleep Is Your Superpower - Matt Walker

Why Do Humans Have to Pretend to Sleep to Fall Asleep?