跟读练习: What is Narcolepsy? - 通过视频学习英语口语
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61 句
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And how to kind of try to describe it to them.
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I found over time it's really difficult for people to understand it.
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It's just very complicated with this tiredness, the cataplexy, the fragmented sleep at night.
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If you're a normal person, you've got sleep and you've got your waking life.
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And occasionally they'll overlap a little bit.
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For me, I live in this world that is very rarely am I fully awake and very rarely am I fully asleep.
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I live in the in-between.
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I'm Tom Scanlon.
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I'm a professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School.
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Narcolepsy is a neurologic disorder.
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It is one of the most common sleep disorders.
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It affects about one in two thousand people.
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It doesn't matter how much sleep they get at night, they're going to feel sleepy every day.
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People also can have a variety of other symptoms.
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These include hypnagogic hallucinations, where they can have very vivid dreamlike hallucinations just as they're drifting off to sleep
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or just when they awaken.
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They can have something called sleep paralysis, where as they're falling asleep or sometimes when they wake up, they can't move.
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And then there's cataplexy, which is similar to sleep paralysis.
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The distinction is that cataplexy occurs right in the middle of the day, and it's triggered by strong emotions.
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And then the last thing, which is perhaps sort of one of the strangest of all,
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is that, considering that somebody with narcolepsy is often very sleepy through the day, they often have fragmented sleep at night.
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They can wake up four or five times for 10 or 20 minutes for no clear reason.
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And so in the same way that they have trouble maintaining wakefulness through the day, they they can have trouble maintaining sleep through the night.
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Somewhere between age 10 and age 20 or so is when narcolepsy begins.
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People usually start off with sleepiness and then the other symptoms follow.
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So there's a number of different systems in the brain that are involved in promoting arousal or wakefulness and sleep.
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Up here is the cortex.
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This is the front near the forehead.
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Here's the back.
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This is the brainstem coming down here.
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And this is the cerebellum, which is involved in balance.
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The brainstem is the site that most of these arousal promoting signals come from.
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And those cells send connections up throughout the whole front part of the brain,
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and they help turn on the cortex and other parts of the brain when you're awake.
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There's also some cells in a small region called the hypothalamus
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that are involved in promoting sleep
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and these sleep promoting cells one of the things they do is they actually turn off the wake promoting cells
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and so that allows you to be fully asleep without any hint of consciousness.
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This is called the mammillary body and just above it right here is where the hypocretin neurons sit.
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And this is a really critical collection of neurons,
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brain cells, that makes very particular and special neurotransmitters known as hypocretin or orexin.
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Those are just two names for the same thing.
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The hypocretin producing cells help activate and sustain activity in the other weight promoting brain regions across the day.
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The brain contains billions of neurons and And only a very, very small number of these produce hypocretin.
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It's probably somewhere between 100,000 and 200,000, which sounds like a large number, but when you compare it to 10 billion neurons, it's really very small.
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In narcolepsy, those hypocretin-producing cells die off.
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When you look closely at the brain of somebody who has narcolepsy, what you see is about a 90 to 95% loss of the hypocretin-producing neurons.
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So there's two broad themes that are being pursued in narcolepsy research right now.
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One theme is to understand what goes wrong in the brain when the hypocretin-producing cells die off.
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How does that lead to sleepiness and cataplexing and other symptoms?
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Another big theme is trying to understand what actually kills the hypocretin neurons in the first place.
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Because if we could understand that, then it's possible that if one could diagnose and recognize narcolepsy right at the earliest stages,
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we might be able to get in and stop that process.
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As we've discovered more and more about what's actually causing the hypocretin neurons to die off,
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and as we've discovered more about the consequences of that for the brain,
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it's really given us a lot of hope for new opportunities for coming up with better therapies for people with narcolepsy.
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If we could get hypocretin back in the brain somehow, that would be potentially as great is giving insulin to people with diabetes.
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It would really be the missing factor coming back into play.
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And it could, in theory, cure their sleepiness and cure their cataplexy in the most thorough fashion.
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Right now, scientists are working with a variety of techniques to try to get hypocretin signaling back into the brain.
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But the hope is that in 5, 10, or 15 years, we may see those hypocretin replacement therapies coming into clinical practice.
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本课的词汇与口语要点
这节口语课以视频“What is Narcolepsy?”为素材。 视频中反复出现的词有：hypocretin, sleep, brain, narcolepsy, cells。 这段视频共有 61 个句子、843 个单词可供跟读。 讲话部分时长为 4:59。 说话人语速自然，每分钟约 169 个词，接近日常对话。 83% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，其余的词建议在练习前先学一下。
视频中的重点词汇
视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| asleep 形容词 | /əˈsliːp/ | 睡著的, 睡着的 |
| symptom 名词 | /ˈsɪm(p)təm/ | 症狀 /症状, 病徵 /病征 |
| rarely 副词 | /ˈɹɛəɹli/ | 很少, 罕有地 |
| discover 动词 | /dɪˈskʌvə/ | 發現 /发现, 發覺 /发觉 |
| cure 动词 | /kjɔː/ | 治療 /治疗 |
| disorder 名词 | /dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/ | 混亂 /混乱, 紊亂 /紊乱 |
| awake 动词 | /əˈweɪk/ | 醒, 醒來 /醒来 |
| sleepy 形容词 | /ˈsliːpi/ | 昏昏欲睡, 睏 /困 |
| cortex 名词 | /ˈkɔɹtɛks/ | 皮质 |
| fragment 名词 | /ˈfɹæɡmənt/ | 碎片, 碎屑 |
| complicated 形容词 | /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/ | 複雜 /复杂 |
| occur 动词 | /əˈkɜː/ | 發生 /发生 |
| technique 名词 | /tɛkˈniːk/ | 技術 /技术, 技巧 |
| compare 动词 | /kəmˈpɛɚ/ | 比, 比較 /比较 |
| occasionally 副词 | /əˈkeɪʒənəli/ | 偶爾 /偶尔, 偶然 |
视频中出现的短语动词
| 单词 | 发音 | 释义 |
|---|---|---|
| wake up 动词 | /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ | 醒, 醒來 /醒来 |
| come down 动词 | 下來 /下来, 降 | |
| come up with 动词 | 想出, 提出 | |
| turn off 动词 | 關 /关, 關掉 /关掉 |
视频中的语法
说话人最常用的结构，并附上视频中的原话：
| 结构 | 视频中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被动语态 be + 过去分词 — 强调发生了什么，而不是谁做的 | are involved · is involved · is called |
| 定语从句 who / which + 从句 — 补充说明人或事物 | cataplexy, which is · thing, which is · cerebellum, which is |
| 现在完成时 have/has + 过去分词 — 过去发生但与现在仍有关联的事 | have fragmented · we've discovered |
需要注意的发音
说话人用了 14 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 they're, I'm, we've。请按听到的简短形式来说。
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/, consciousness /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/, distinction /dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/
- 长单词——注意重音位置: complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, neurological /nɝəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/, hypocretin /ˌhaɪ.poʊˈkɹiː.tən/
中文母语者容易读错的音：
- /v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: discover /dɪˈskʌvə/, activate /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/, vivid /ˈvɪvɪd/, overlap /ˌəʊvəˈlæp/
- 词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: asleep /əˈsliːp/, awake /əˈweɪk/, cortex /ˈkɔɹtɛks/, fragment /ˈfɹæɡmənt/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: rarely /ˈɹɛəɹli/, replacement /ɹɪˈpleɪsmənt/, narcolepsy /ˈnɑː(ɹ)kəˌlɛpsi/, arousal /əˈɹaʊzəl/, paralysis /pəˈɹæləsəs/
如何用这段视频练习
- 先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
- 录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 asleep, symptom, rarely 这类单词。
什么是跟读法？
跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。