Pratique du Shadowing: What is Narcolepsy? - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo

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And how to kind of try to describe it to them.

I found over time it's really difficult for people to understand it.

It's just very complicated with this tiredness, the cataplexy, the fragmented sleep at night.

If you're a normal person, you've got sleep and you've got your waking life.

And occasionally they'll overlap a little bit.

For me, I live in this world that is very rarely am I fully awake and very rarely am I fully asleep.

I live in the in-between.

I'm Tom Scanlon.

I'm a professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School.

Narcolepsy is a neurologic disorder.

It is one of the most common sleep disorders.

It affects about one in two thousand people.

It doesn't matter how much sleep they get at night, they're going to feel sleepy every day.

People also can have a variety of other symptoms.

These include hypnagogic hallucinations, where they can have very vivid dreamlike hallucinations just as they're drifting off to sleep

or just when they awaken.

They can have something called sleep paralysis, where as they're falling asleep or sometimes when they wake up, they can't move.

And then there's cataplexy, which is similar to sleep paralysis.

The distinction is that cataplexy occurs right in the middle of the day, and it's triggered by strong emotions.

And then the last thing, which is perhaps sort of one of the strangest of all,

is that, considering that somebody with narcolepsy is often very sleepy through the day, they often have fragmented sleep at night.

They can wake up four or five times for 10 or 20 minutes for no clear reason.

And so in the same way that they have trouble maintaining wakefulness through the day, they they can have trouble maintaining sleep through the night.

Somewhere between age 10 and age 20 or so is when narcolepsy begins.

People usually start off with sleepiness and then the other symptoms follow.

So there's a number of different systems in the brain that are involved in promoting arousal or wakefulness and sleep.

Up here is the cortex.

This is the front near the forehead.

Here's the back.

This is the brainstem coming down here.

And this is the cerebellum, which is involved in balance.

The brainstem is the site that most of these arousal promoting signals come from.

And those cells send connections up throughout the whole front part of the brain,

and they help turn on the cortex and other parts of the brain when you're awake.

There's also some cells in a small region called the hypothalamus

that are involved in promoting sleep

and these sleep promoting cells one of the things they do is they actually turn off the wake promoting cells

and so that allows you to be fully asleep without any hint of consciousness.

This is called the mammillary body and just above it right here is where the hypocretin neurons sit.

And this is a really critical collection of neurons,

brain cells, that makes very particular and special neurotransmitters known as hypocretin or orexin.

Those are just two names for the same thing.

The hypocretin producing cells help activate and sustain activity in the other weight promoting brain regions across the day.

The brain contains billions of neurons and And only a very, very small number of these produce hypocretin.

It's probably somewhere between 100,000 and 200,000, which sounds like a large number, but when you compare it to 10 billion neurons, it's really very small.

In narcolepsy, those hypocretin-producing cells die off.

When you look closely at the brain of somebody who has narcolepsy, what you see is about a 90 to 95% loss of the hypocretin-producing neurons.

So there's two broad themes that are being pursued in narcolepsy research right now.

One theme is to understand what goes wrong in the brain when the hypocretin-producing cells die off.

How does that lead to sleepiness and cataplexing and other symptoms?

Another big theme is trying to understand what actually kills the hypocretin neurons in the first place.

Because if we could understand that, then it's possible that if one could diagnose and recognize narcolepsy right at the earliest stages,

we might be able to get in and stop that process.

As we've discovered more and more about what's actually causing the hypocretin neurons to die off,

and as we've discovered more about the consequences of that for the brain,

it's really given us a lot of hope for new opportunities for coming up with better therapies for people with narcolepsy.

If we could get hypocretin back in the brain somehow, that would be potentially as great is giving insulin to people with diabetes.

It would really be the missing factor coming back into play.

And it could, in theory, cure their sleepiness and cure their cataplexy in the most thorough fashion.

Right now, scientists are working with a variety of techniques to try to get hypocretin signaling back into the brain.

But the hope is that in 5, 10, or 15 years, we may see those hypocretin replacement therapies coming into clinical practice.

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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon

Cette leçon d’expression orale s’appuie sur la vidéo « What is Narcolepsy? ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : hypocretin, sleep, brain, narcolepsy, cells. Cette vidéo contient 61 phrases et 843 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 4:59. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 169 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. 83 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.

Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo

15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :

Mot	Prononciation	Sens
asleep adjectif	/əˈsliːp/	endormi
symptom nom	/ˈsɪm(p)təm/	symptôme
rarely adverbe	/ˈɹɛəɹli/	rarement
discover verbe	/dɪˈskʌvə/	découvrir
cure verbe	/kjɔː/	soigner, guérir
disorder nom	/dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/	désordre
awake verbe	/əˈweɪk/	se réveiller
sleepy adjectif	/ˈsliːpi/	somnolent, ensommeillé
cortex nom	/ˈkɔɹtɛks/	cortex
fragment nom	/ˈfɹæɡmənt/	fragment
complicated adjectif	/ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/	compliqué, alambiqué
occur verbe	/əˈkɜː/	se produire, avoir lieu
technique nom	/tɛkˈniːk/	technique
compare verbe	/kəmˈpɛɚ/	comparer
replacement nom	/ɹɪˈpleɪsmənt/	remplaçant, substitut

Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez

Mot	Prononciation	Sens
wake up verbe	/ˌweɪk ˈʌp/	se réveiller
come down verbe		descendre, tomber
come up with verbe		inventer, imaginer
turn off verbe		éteindre

La grammaire de cette vidéo

Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :

Structure	Dans la vidéo
Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait	are involved · is involved · is called
Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose	cataplexy, which is · thing, which is · cerebellum, which is
Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant	have fragmented · we've discovered

Prononciation à surveiller

Le locuteur utilise 14 contractions et formes réduites, comme they're, I'm, we've. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.

Les sons « sh » et « zh »: occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/, consciousness /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/, distinction /dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/
Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, neurological /nɝəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/, hypocretin /ˌhaɪ.poʊˈkɹiː.tən/

Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :

/h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: hint /hɪnt/, forehead /ˈfɔɹ.hɛd/, hypocretin /ˌhaɪ.poʊˈkɹiː.tən/, hallucination /həˌluːsɪˈneɪʃən/, hypnagogic /ˌhɪpnəˈɡɑd͡ʒɪk/
/tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: neurological /nɝəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/, hypnagogic /ˌhɪpnəˈɡɑd͡ʒɪk/, neurology /n(j)ʊ(ə)ˈɹɒləd͡ʒi/
/r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: rarely /ˈɹɛəɹli/, disorder /dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/, cortex /ˈkɔɹtɛks/, fragment /ˈfɹæɡmənt/, replacement /ɹɪˈpleɪsmənt/

Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo

Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme asleep, symptom, rarely.

Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?

Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.

Technique du shadowing : lire le guide complet étape par étape →

Pratique du Shadowing: What is Narcolepsy? - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo

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