Shadowing Practice: What is Narcolepsy? - Learn English Speaking with Video
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And how to kind of try to describe it to them.
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I found over time it's really difficult for people to understand it.
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It's just very complicated with this tiredness, the cataplexy, the fragmented sleep at night.
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If you're a normal person, you've got sleep and you've got your waking life.
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And occasionally they'll overlap a little bit.
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For me, I live in this world that is very rarely am I fully awake and very rarely am I fully asleep.
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I live in the in-between.
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I'm Tom Scanlon.
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I'm a professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School.
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Narcolepsy is a neurologic disorder.
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It is one of the most common sleep disorders.
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It affects about one in two thousand people.
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It doesn't matter how much sleep they get at night, they're going to feel sleepy every day.
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People also can have a variety of other symptoms.
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These include hypnagogic hallucinations, where they can have very vivid dreamlike hallucinations just as they're drifting off to sleep
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or just when they awaken.
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They can have something called sleep paralysis, where as they're falling asleep or sometimes when they wake up, they can't move.
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And then there's cataplexy, which is similar to sleep paralysis.
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The distinction is that cataplexy occurs right in the middle of the day, and it's triggered by strong emotions.
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And then the last thing, which is perhaps sort of one of the strangest of all,
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is that, considering that somebody with narcolepsy is often very sleepy through the day, they often have fragmented sleep at night.
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They can wake up four or five times for 10 or 20 minutes for no clear reason.
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And so in the same way that they have trouble maintaining wakefulness through the day, they they can have trouble maintaining sleep through the night.
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Somewhere between age 10 and age 20 or so is when narcolepsy begins.
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People usually start off with sleepiness and then the other symptoms follow.
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So there's a number of different systems in the brain that are involved in promoting arousal or wakefulness and sleep.
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Up here is the cortex.
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This is the front near the forehead.
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Here's the back.
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This is the brainstem coming down here.
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And this is the cerebellum, which is involved in balance.
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The brainstem is the site that most of these arousal promoting signals come from.
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And those cells send connections up throughout the whole front part of the brain,
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and they help turn on the cortex and other parts of the brain when you're awake.
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There's also some cells in a small region called the hypothalamus
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that are involved in promoting sleep
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and these sleep promoting cells one of the things they do is they actually turn off the wake promoting cells
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and so that allows you to be fully asleep without any hint of consciousness.
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This is called the mammillary body and just above it right here is where the hypocretin neurons sit.
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And this is a really critical collection of neurons,
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brain cells, that makes very particular and special neurotransmitters known as hypocretin or orexin.
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Those are just two names for the same thing.
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The hypocretin producing cells help activate and sustain activity in the other weight promoting brain regions across the day.
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The brain contains billions of neurons and And only a very, very small number of these produce hypocretin.
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It's probably somewhere between 100,000 and 200,000, which sounds like a large number, but when you compare it to 10 billion neurons, it's really very small.
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In narcolepsy, those hypocretin-producing cells die off.
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When you look closely at the brain of somebody who has narcolepsy, what you see is about a 90 to 95% loss of the hypocretin-producing neurons.
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So there's two broad themes that are being pursued in narcolepsy research right now.
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One theme is to understand what goes wrong in the brain when the hypocretin-producing cells die off.
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How does that lead to sleepiness and cataplexing and other symptoms?
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Another big theme is trying to understand what actually kills the hypocretin neurons in the first place.
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Because if we could understand that, then it's possible that if one could diagnose and recognize narcolepsy right at the earliest stages,
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we might be able to get in and stop that process.
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As we've discovered more and more about what's actually causing the hypocretin neurons to die off,
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and as we've discovered more about the consequences of that for the brain,
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it's really given us a lot of hope for new opportunities for coming up with better therapies for people with narcolepsy.
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If we could get hypocretin back in the brain somehow, that would be potentially as great is giving insulin to people with diabetes.
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It would really be the missing factor coming back into play.
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And it could, in theory, cure their sleepiness and cure their cataplexy in the most thorough fashion.
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Right now, scientists are working with a variety of techniques to try to get hypocretin signaling back into the brain.
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But the hope is that in 5, 10, or 15 years, we may see those hypocretin replacement therapies coming into clinical practice.
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu konuşma dersi “What is Narcolepsy?” videosuna dayanıyor. En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: hypocretin, sleep, brain, narcolepsy, cells. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 61 cümle ve 843 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 4:59 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 169 kelimeyle, günlük konuşmaya yakın doğal bir hızda konuşuyor. Kelimelerin %83’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında; geri kalanına başlamadan önce bakmakta fayda var.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodan öğrenmeye değer 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| symptom isim | /ˈsɪm(p)təm/ | semptom, belgi |
| discover fiil | /dɪˈskʌvə/ | keşfetmek |
| cure fiil | /kjɔː/ | tedavi etmek, iyileştirmek |
| disorder isim | /dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/ | teşevvüş |
| awake fiil | /əˈweɪk/ | uyandırmak |
| fragment isim | /ˈfɹæɡmənt/ | parça, bölüm |
| complicated sıfat | /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/ | karışık, komplike |
| occur fiil | /əˈkɜː/ | olmak |
| technique isim | /tɛkˈniːk/ | teknik |
| compare fiil | /kəmˈpɛɚ/ | karşılaştırmak, kıyaslamak |
| occasionally zarf | /əˈkeɪʒənəli/ | ara sıra |
| pursue fiil | /pɚˈsu/ | kovalamak |
| trigger isim | /ˈtɹɪɡɚ/ | [4, 5] tetikleme, tetik |
| scientist isim | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | âlim, âlime |
| emotion isim | /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/ | duygu, his |
Duyacağınız deyimsel fiiller
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| wake up fiil | /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ | uyanmak |
| come down fiil | düşmek | |
| turn off fiil | kapamak |
Bu videodaki dil bilgisi
Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:
| Yapı | Videoda |
|---|---|
| Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemli | are involved · is involved · is called |
| İlgi cümlecikleri who / which + cümle — bir kişi ya da şey hakkında ek bilgi | cataplexy, which is · thing, which is · cerebellum, which is |
| Present perfect have/has + fiilin üçüncü hâli — geçmişte olan ama şimdi de önemli olan bir eylem | have fragmented · we've discovered |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı they're, I'm, we've gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 14 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/, consciousness /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/, distinction /dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, neurological /nɝəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/, hypocretin /ˌhaɪ.poʊˈkɹiː.tən/
Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:
- /w/ — dudaklar yuvarlak, /v/ değil: awake /əˈweɪk/, consequence /ˈkɑn.sɪ.kwəns/, wakefulness /ˈweɪk.fʊl.nəs/, awaken /əˈweɪkən/
- Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: cure /kjɔː/, sleepy /ˈsliːpi/, fragment /ˈfɹæɡmənt/, trigger /ˈtɹɪɡɚ/, drift /dɹɪft/
- /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: fragment /ˈfɹæɡmənt/, activate /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/, overlap /ˌəʊvəˈlæp/, cataplexy /ˈkætəˌplɛksi/, paralysis /pəˈɹæləsəs/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- 0,75× hızla başlayın, cümle cümle tekrar edin ve kolaylaşınca normal hıza dönün.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; symptom, discover, cure gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.