跟讀練習: What is Narcolepsy? - 通過影片學習英語口語
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61 句
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And how to kind of try to describe it to them.
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I found over time it's really difficult for people to understand it.
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It's just very complicated with this tiredness, the cataplexy, the fragmented sleep at night.
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If you're a normal person, you've got sleep and you've got your waking life.
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And occasionally they'll overlap a little bit.
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For me, I live in this world that is very rarely am I fully awake and very rarely am I fully asleep.
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I live in the in-between.
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I'm Tom Scanlon.
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I'm a professor of neurology at Harvard Medical School.
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Narcolepsy is a neurologic disorder.
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It is one of the most common sleep disorders.
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It affects about one in two thousand people.
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It doesn't matter how much sleep they get at night, they're going to feel sleepy every day.
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People also can have a variety of other symptoms.
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These include hypnagogic hallucinations, where they can have very vivid dreamlike hallucinations just as they're drifting off to sleep
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or just when they awaken.
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They can have something called sleep paralysis, where as they're falling asleep or sometimes when they wake up, they can't move.
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And then there's cataplexy, which is similar to sleep paralysis.
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The distinction is that cataplexy occurs right in the middle of the day, and it's triggered by strong emotions.
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And then the last thing, which is perhaps sort of one of the strangest of all,
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is that, considering that somebody with narcolepsy is often very sleepy through the day, they often have fragmented sleep at night.
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They can wake up four or five times for 10 or 20 minutes for no clear reason.
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And so in the same way that they have trouble maintaining wakefulness through the day, they they can have trouble maintaining sleep through the night.
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Somewhere between age 10 and age 20 or so is when narcolepsy begins.
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People usually start off with sleepiness and then the other symptoms follow.
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So there's a number of different systems in the brain that are involved in promoting arousal or wakefulness and sleep.
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Up here is the cortex.
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This is the front near the forehead.
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Here's the back.
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This is the brainstem coming down here.
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And this is the cerebellum, which is involved in balance.
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The brainstem is the site that most of these arousal promoting signals come from.
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And those cells send connections up throughout the whole front part of the brain,
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and they help turn on the cortex and other parts of the brain when you're awake.
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There's also some cells in a small region called the hypothalamus
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that are involved in promoting sleep
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and these sleep promoting cells one of the things they do is they actually turn off the wake promoting cells
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and so that allows you to be fully asleep without any hint of consciousness.
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This is called the mammillary body and just above it right here is where the hypocretin neurons sit.
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And this is a really critical collection of neurons,
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brain cells, that makes very particular and special neurotransmitters known as hypocretin or orexin.
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Those are just two names for the same thing.
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The hypocretin producing cells help activate and sustain activity in the other weight promoting brain regions across the day.
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The brain contains billions of neurons and And only a very, very small number of these produce hypocretin.
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It's probably somewhere between 100,000 and 200,000, which sounds like a large number, but when you compare it to 10 billion neurons, it's really very small.
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In narcolepsy, those hypocretin-producing cells die off.
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When you look closely at the brain of somebody who has narcolepsy, what you see is about a 90 to 95% loss of the hypocretin-producing neurons.
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So there's two broad themes that are being pursued in narcolepsy research right now.
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One theme is to understand what goes wrong in the brain when the hypocretin-producing cells die off.
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How does that lead to sleepiness and cataplexing and other symptoms?
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Another big theme is trying to understand what actually kills the hypocretin neurons in the first place.
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Because if we could understand that, then it's possible that if one could diagnose and recognize narcolepsy right at the earliest stages,
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we might be able to get in and stop that process.
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As we've discovered more and more about what's actually causing the hypocretin neurons to die off,
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and as we've discovered more about the consequences of that for the brain,
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it's really given us a lot of hope for new opportunities for coming up with better therapies for people with narcolepsy.
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If we could get hypocretin back in the brain somehow, that would be potentially as great is giving insulin to people with diabetes.
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It would really be the missing factor coming back into play.
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And it could, in theory, cure their sleepiness and cure their cataplexy in the most thorough fashion.
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Right now, scientists are working with a variety of techniques to try to get hypocretin signaling back into the brain.
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But the hope is that in 5, 10, or 15 years, we may see those hypocretin replacement therapies coming into clinical practice.
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本課的詞彙與口語要點
這節口語課以影片“What is Narcolepsy?”為素材。 影片中反覆出現的詞有：hypocretin, sleep, brain, narcolepsy, cells。 這段影片共有 61 個句子、843 個單詞可供跟讀。 講話部分時長為 4:59。 說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 169 個詞，接近日常對話。 83% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，其餘的詞建議在練習前先學一下。
影片中的重點詞彙
影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：
| 單詞 | 發音 | 釋義 |
|---|---|---|
| asleep 形容詞 | /əˈsliːp/ | 睡著的, 睡著的 |
| symptom 名詞 | /ˈsɪm(p)təm/ | 症狀 /症狀, 病徵 /病徵 |
| rarely 副詞 | /ˈɹɛəɹli/ | 很少, 罕有地 |
| discover 動詞 | /dɪˈskʌvə/ | 發現 /發現, 發覺 /發覺 |
| cure 動詞 | /kjɔː/ | 治療 /治療 |
| disorder 名詞 | /dɪsˈɔɹdɚ/ | 混亂 /混亂, 紊亂 /紊亂 |
| awake 動詞 | /əˈweɪk/ | 醒, 醒來 /醒來 |
| sleepy 形容詞 | /ˈsliːpi/ | 昏昏欲睡, 睏 /困 |
| cortex 名詞 | /ˈkɔɹtɛks/ | 皮質 |
| fragment 名詞 | /ˈfɹæɡmənt/ | 碎片, 碎屑 |
| complicated 形容詞 | /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/ | 複雜 /複雜 |
| occur 動詞 | /əˈkɜː/ | 發生 /發生 |
| technique 名詞 | /tɛkˈniːk/ | 技術 /技術, 技巧 |
| compare 動詞 | /kəmˈpɛɚ/ | 比, 比較 /比較 |
| occasionally 副詞 | /əˈkeɪʒənəli/ | 偶爾 /偶爾, 偶然 |
影片中出現的短語動詞
| 單詞 | 發音 | 釋義 |
|---|---|---|
| wake up 動詞 | /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ | 醒, 醒來 /醒來 |
| come down 動詞 | 下來 /下來, 降 | |
| come up with 動詞 | 想出, 提出 | |
| turn off 動詞 | 關 /關, 關掉 /關掉 |
影片中的語法
說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：
| 結構 | 影片中的用法 |
|---|---|
| 被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的 | are involved · is involved · is called |
| 定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物 | cataplexy, which is · thing, which is · cerebellum, which is |
| 現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事 | have fragmented · we've discovered |
需要注意的發音
說話人用了 14 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 they're, I'm, we've。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, emotion /ɪˈməʊ.ʃən/, consciousness /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/, distinction /dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/
- 長單詞——注意重音位置: complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/, occasionally /əˈkeɪʒənəli/, potentially /pəˈtɛnʃ(ə)li/, neurological /nɝəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/, hypocretin /ˌhaɪ.poʊˈkɹiː.tən/
中文母語者容易讀錯的音：
- /v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: discover /dɪˈskʌvə/, activate /ˈæktɪˌveɪt/, vivid /ˈvɪvɪd/, overlap /ˌəʊvəˈlæp/
- 詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: asleep /əˈsliːp/, awake /əˈweɪk/, cortex /ˈkɔɹtɛks/, fragment /ˈfɹæɡmənt/, complicated /ˈkɑm.plɪˌkeɪ.tɪd/
- /r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: rarely /ˈɹɛəɹli/, replacement /ɹɪˈpleɪsmənt/, narcolepsy /ˈnɑː(ɹ)kəˌlɛpsi/, arousal /əˈɹaʊzəl/, paralysis /pəˈɹæləsəs/
如何用這段影片練習
- 先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
- 錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 asleep, symptom, rarely 這類單詞。
什麼是跟讀法？
跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。