Shadowing Practice: Michael Swan: What you can't say without grammar (Part 3/6) - Learn English Speaking with Video
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What's interesting there is that we've actually made sentences without no grammar.
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That's to say, we've been able to combine words to express,
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to refer to events and situations.
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Baby falling down, for instance,
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is going to rain tomorrow.
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We're doing things that sentences do with no grammar.
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So, maybe that's all we need.
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Vocabulary combined with common sense and world knowledge.
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If not, why not?
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Are there any things that we would want to say,
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any things we'd want to express,
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any fundamental things we'd want to express that cannot be expressed just with vocabulary like we've been using?
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One is what goes with what.
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If you've got words like,
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if you've got two chiefs or if you've got...
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Suppose you've got bear, big and cave together.
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You've no way of showing which is big, have you?
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Either the bear or the cave.
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I mean, I chose my examples very carefully so that that kind of problem didn't come up.
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But of course it does come up in real language what goes with what
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and relationships of various kinds think of this
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if I said neck Sib Ross neck is kill Sib is sister Ross is bear
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if I said neck Sib Ross what would it mean You don't know who's dead.
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Or maybe it's an instruction.
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Yeah, yeah, okay.
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You don't know who's dead because there's no word order to say who does it,
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who gets it done to them.
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So that cause-effect relationship doesn't work.
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It might be an instruction that we've only been doing declarative sentences, nothing else.
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There are really three problems, I think.
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There's the what goes with what problem.
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Roles and relationships of different kinds can be cause and effect.
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It can also be spatial if you want to say that one thing is under another.
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If you put together the two different words and under,
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you'd have no way of knowing which was under which.
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Time, the same A before B,
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but without a rule for interpreting that.
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You've got no way of knowing what's before what.
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And modality, we just did sentences, simple declarative sentences.
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We hadn't got a way of showing that something is a question or negation or an instruction or a guess or whatever.
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So we have actually come up against some problems.
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We've discovered that there are some important things we can't express in our little language that's just got vocabulary.
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So we need to solve them, don't we?
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Could you please, while I shut up again,
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choose one or more of those problems and think of a way of solving it?
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I'm sure you've done that.
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What can we do then to solve these problems?
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Punctuate.
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Did you ever hear that wonderful sketch by Victor Borger called phonetic punctuation?
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Yeah, yeah.
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Yeah, well for commas you got quotation marks.
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The thing is we're 500,000 years ago and writing was invented about 6,000 years ago.
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So we're stuck for punctuation actually.
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But we could pause couldn't we?
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Yeah.
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How would that work?
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How would you solve this problem by any of these problems by pausing?
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Sorry?
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Bare big cave.
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Okay lovely.
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So you could effectively you could group things
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that go together by putting them together and then pausing them together and then pausing before anything else comes.
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Languages actually don't seem to do that much.
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So I think they use intonation instead of pausing to make it work.
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Yeah?
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What else can you do besides pausing?
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Yes?
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Sorry?
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Word order.
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Yeah.
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You can have word order rules that would make relationships of various kinds clear.
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So you can use word order.
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You can mess words about by putting endings on them or doing other things with them.
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Anything else you can do?
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Have a word for no. You could have a...
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Yeah, you can have words that then are not outside word vocabulary at all.
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They're grammatical words.
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They show what the other words are doing.
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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les
Deze spreekles op niveau C2 is gebaseerd op de video “Michael Swan: What you can't say without grammar”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: word, pausing, sentences, vocabulary, express. Deze video bevat 78 zinnen en 659 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 4:58. De spreker praat in een gelijkmatig tempo van ongeveer 133 woorden per minuut, prettig om te shadowen. 88% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden; de rest kun je beter vooraf bekijken. 16 van de 78 zinnen zijn vragen, dus het is goede oefening voor vraagintonatie en korte antwoorden.
Belangrijke woorden in deze video
De 11 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| pause zelfstandig naamwoord | /pɔːz/ | pauze |
| vocabulary zelfstandig naamwoord | /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/ | woordenschat, vocabulaire |
| punctuation zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˌpʌŋk.t͡ʃuˈeɪ.ʃən/ | interpunctie |
| grammatical bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ɡɹəˈmæt.ɪ.kəl/ | grammaticaal |
| intonation zelfstandig naamwoord | /ɪntəˈneɪʃən/ | intonatie, zinsmelodie |
| phonetic bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /fəˈnɛt.ɪk/ | fonetisch |
| quotation zelfstandig naamwoord | /kwoʊˈteɪʃn̩/ | offerte |
| invent werkwoord | /ɪnˈvɛnt/ | uitvinden, uitdenken |
| spatial bijvoeglijk naamwoord | /ˈspeɪ.ʃəl/ | ruimtelijk, ruim- |
| interpret werkwoord | /ɪnˈtɜː.pɹɪt/ | interpreteren |
| sketch zelfstandig naamwoord | /ˈskɛt͡ʃ/ | schets |
Phrasal verbs die je zult horen
| Woord | Uitspraak | Betekenis |
|---|---|---|
| shut up | /ʃʌt ʌp/ | hou je kop, kop dicht |
Zinnen om te herhalen
Korte, volledige zinnen uit de video die je in alledaagse gesprekken kunt gebruiken:
- We're doing things that sentences do with no grammar.
- You've no way of showing which is big, have you?
- What can we do then to solve these problems?
- What else can you do besides pausing?
- Anything else you can do?
Grammatica in deze video
De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:
| Structuur | In de video |
|---|---|
| Present perfect continuous have/has been + -ing — iets dat eerder begon en nog bezig is | we've been using · we've only been doing |
| Present perfect have/has + voltooid deelwoord — iets uit het verleden dat nu nog telt | we've actually made · we've been · have actually come |
| Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doet | cannot be expressed · was invented |
| Betrekkelijke bijzinnen who / which + zin — extra informatie over een persoon of ding | showing which is · knowing which was |
Uitspraak om op te letten
De spreker gebruikt 29 samentrekkingen en verkorte vormen, zoals you've, we've, don't. Spreek ze kort uit, zoals je ze hoort.
- De klanken “sh” en “zh”: punctuation /ˌpʌŋk.t͡ʃuˈeɪ.ʃən/, intonation /ɪntəˈneɪʃən/, negation /nɪˈɡeɪʃn̩/, quotation /kwoʊˈteɪʃn̩/, spatial /ˈspeɪ.ʃəl/
- Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: vocabulary /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/, declarative /dɪˈklæɹ.ə.tɪv/, punctuation /ˌpʌŋk.t͡ʃuˈeɪ.ʃən/, grammatical /ɡɹəˈmæt.ɪ.kəl/, intonation /ɪntəˈneɪʃən/
Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:
- Stemhebbende eindmedeklinker — /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/ niet verscherpen: pause /pɔːz/, declarative /dɪˈklæɹ.ə.tɪv/
- /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: vocabulary /vəˈkæb.jə.lə.ɹi/, declarative /dɪˈklæɹ.ə.tɪv/, grammatical /ɡɹəˈmæt.ɪ.kəl/
- /g/ — een harde plofklank, geen Nederlandse “g”: grammatical /ɡɹəˈmæt.ɪ.kəl/, negation /nɪˈɡeɪʃn̩/
Zo oefen je met deze video
- Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
- Spreek zin voor zin na op normale snelheid en herhaal elke zin tot je ritme gelijk is aan dat van de spreker.
- Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als pause, vocabulary, punctuation.
Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?
Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.