Prática de Shadowing: Appetite: Ghrelin and Leptin Explained - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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hey guys
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so today's video is going to be on appetite control i'm going to be talking about the two main hormones
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that regulate appetite so that includes ghrelin and leptin
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and these guys are here to make sure
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that you either don't get too fat or too skinny
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so you don't have too many calories or too few by controlling hunger behavior
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so because they're homeostatic hormones they obviously are going to act on the hypothalamus
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so they each act on a different region of the hypothalamus
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and either trigger hunger as in the case for ghrelin or satiety as in the case for leptin.
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So let's get into a couple of details about ghrelin here.
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So ghrelin is our appetite hormone.
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An easy way to remember this is that when you're hungry your stomach growls.
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So GHR for growl and that is for appetite.
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All right
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so this ghrelin hormone is produced by X cells in the stomach they release it into the bloodstream
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and it travels to the lateral hypothalamus in the brain
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this then causes the hunger response so it causes you to go seek and look for more food
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all right another function of ghrelin is
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that it's going to prepare the body for this food
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so this ghrelin is going to go ahead
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and act on the stomach itself and it's going to increase gastric motility
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and gastric acid production to prepare the body for the food
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that the lateral hypothalamus just ordered ghrelin is induced by two major inducers
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so hypoglycemia and low body weight
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so let's say you have low blood sugar as in the case for hypoglycemia or low
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or you're very thin as in the case of low body weight you're going to want to fix
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that by eating more food
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an inhibitor for ghrelin includes stomach distension so
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if you see over here on the diagram on the right distending the stomach is going to decrease ghrelin
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and decrease appetite because you have a bunch of food in the stomach
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and you don't eat anymore all right so let's hop over to leptin
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so leptin is our satiety hormone and it is produced by our white fat
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so these white adipose cells over here are going to produce our leptin
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and as these cells go bigger and bigger and bigger they're going to produce more and more leptin.
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So the fat is kind of doing a negative feedback on itself.
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So fat produces more leptin.
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This goes to the ventromedial hypothalamus.
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Then we're going to get inhibition of food intake and the fats kind of get smaller.
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So the fat is controlling itself in this case.
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And an easy way to remember that leptin is produced by fat cells is
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that I think of L for lipid and L for leptin and
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inducers for leptin include insulin and emotional stress
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so let's say you have high blood glucose you're going to have high insulin
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and that's going to induce leptin say let's stop eating our blood sugar is high enough
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and then emotional stress
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so let's say you're running away from a tiger
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you don't have time to think about those yummy blueberries in the bush
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you're too busy devoting all your energy to fight or flight
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so those are inducers for leptin so let's not be hungry in these cases.
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And then inhibitors for leptin include short -term fasting.
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So let's say you haven't eaten for eight, nine hours, your leptin response is going to be inhibited and ghrelin is going to take over.
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So both ghrelin and leptin are in your system all the time, just the levels are different.
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So sometimes ghrelin is higher and you're going to feel hungry and sometimes leptin is higher and you're going to feel satiated.
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Let's talk about the hypothalamus for a second.
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So these hormones are produced in the stomach and in the fat, and they're going to travel up to the hypothalamus,
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and they're going to act either on the lateral or the medial hypothalamus.
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So here in purple, we have the lateral hypothalamus, and here in blue, we have the medial hypothalamus.
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So what does the lateral hypothalamus react to?
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That's right, it's going to react to ghrelin, so it's going to cause you to be hungry.
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Now in this case, the experimenters lesioned it, so they cut the lateral hypothalamus in these mice.
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What's going to happen to this mouse?
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Well it's going to get thinner because now our leptin is our predominant hormone
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and it's telling the mouse I'm full all the time I don't need to eat
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and ghrelin can no longer act on the lateral hypothalamus.
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All right so let's say we lesion the ventromedial hypothalamus these two blue dots right here.
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Well now ghrelin response is going to be more predominant
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so our mouse is going to feel hungry all the time
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and it's going to be fat
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so we need a balance between these two hormones to get
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our mouse just in the right weight range where it's not undernourished or overnourished.
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An easy way to remember this is
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that our lateral hypothalamus makes you grow laterally so
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if we draw a guy over here let's say this is a skinny guy
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and then this is a fatter version of himself so lateral hypothalamus makes you grow laterally
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while the medial hypothalamus makes you grow medially, so you're going to get thinner.
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Okay, so that's an easy way to remember this.
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Okay, so let's do a little bit of a clinical correlate before we end off here, just to hammer the point home.
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So here we have two obese people, but they're obese for different reasons.
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Over here on the left, we have someone with Prater -Willi syndrome, which is a mutation on chromosome 15.
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Now Prader -Willi does a bunch of things,
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but one of the things it does in correspondence with ghrelin and leptin is that it increases ghrelin levels.
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So now this man is going to feel hungry all the time and that's the cause for his obesity.
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In contrast over here this small child has congenital obesity, so what that causes is an insensitivity to leptin.
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So our medial hypothalamus right in here blue is no longer sensitive to leptin
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which means this child does not feel satiated
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at all so they're going to keep eating and eating
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and eating so in both these people the ghrelin response is overactive in here
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because they're on the right because there's more ghrelin
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and on the left because there is an increase on decrease in leptin sensitivity
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so ghrelin response is going to be more active in congenital obesity as well as Prader -Willi.
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So that's often tested on boards just in case you want to remember these small facts.
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All right, so I hope this video helped.
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If you have any questions, please leave them in the comments, and I'll see you in the next one.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “Appetite: Ghrelin and Leptin Explained”. As palavras que mais se repetem: ghrelin, leptin, hypothalamus, lateral, fat. Este vídeo tem 93 frases e 1167 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 6:31. O falante fala em ritmo natural, cerca de 179 palavras por minuto, próximo de uma conversa do dia a dia. Apenas 80% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| lateral adjetivo | /ˈlætəɹəl/ | lateral |
| hormone substantivo | /ˈhoɹmoʊn/ | hormônio, hormona |
| stomach substantivo | /ˈstʌmək/ | estômago |
| hungry adjetivo | /ˈhʌŋ.ɡɹi/ | faminto, com fome |
| mouse substantivo | /maʊs/ | rato, camundongo |
| appetite substantivo | /ˈæp.əˌtaɪt/ | apetite |
| thin adjetivo | /ˈθɪn/ | fino |
| decrease verbo | /dɪˈkɹiːs/ | diminuir, reduzir |
| hunger substantivo | /ˈhʌŋɡɚ/ | fome |
| obesity substantivo | /ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/ | obesidade |
| react verbo | /ɹiːˈækt/ | reagir |
| skinny adjetivo | /ˈskɪni/ | magro |
| insulin substantivo | /ˈɪnsəlɪn/ | insulina |
| obese adjetivo | /oʊˈbis/ | obeso |
| induce verbo | /ɪnˈduːs/ | induzir |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| go ahead verbo | /ˌɡoʊ əˈhɛd/ | vai em frente |
| take over verbo | tomar posse de, apoderar-se de |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 26 contrações e formas reduzidas, como you're, they're, don't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, lesion /ˈliːʒən/, satiate /ˈseɪʃɪeɪt/, distension /dɪsˈtɛnʃən/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: obesity /ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/, sensitivity /ˌsɛn.səˈtɪv.ə.ti/, correspondence /ˌkoɹ.ɪˈspɑn.dəns/, congenital /kənˈdʒɛnɪt(ə)l/, inhibitor /ɪnˈhɪbɪtɚ/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: stomach /ˈstʌmək/, appetite /ˈæp.əˌtaɪt/, react /ɹiːˈækt/, contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, acid /ˈæsɪd/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: lateral /ˈlætəɹəl/, medial /ˈmiː.di.əl/, congenital /kənˈdʒɛnɪt(ə)l/, growl /ˈɡɹaʊ̯l/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: hormone /ˈhoɹmoʊn/, hungry /ˈhʌŋ.ɡɹi/, hunger /ˈhʌŋɡɚ/, hammer /ˈhæmɚ/, inhibitor /ɪnˈhɪbɪtɚ/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Comece na velocidade 0,75×, faça shadowing frase por frase e volte à velocidade normal quando ficar fácil.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como lateral, hormone, stomach.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.