Luyện nói tiếng Anh bằng Shadowing qua video: Appetite: Ghrelin and Leptin Explained
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hey guys
chào các bạn
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so today's video is going to be on appetite control i'm going to be talking about the two main hormones
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that regulate appetite so that includes ghrelin and leptin
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and these guys are here to make sure
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that you either don't get too fat or too skinny
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so you don't have too many calories or too few by controlling hunger behavior
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so because they're homeostatic hormones they obviously are going to act on the hypothalamus
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so they each act on a different region of the hypothalamus
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and either trigger hunger as in the case for ghrelin or satiety as in the case for leptin.
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So let's get into a couple of details about ghrelin here.
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So ghrelin is our appetite hormone.
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An easy way to remember this is that when you're hungry your stomach growls.
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So GHR for growl and that is for appetite.
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All right
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so this ghrelin hormone is produced by X cells in the stomach they release it into the bloodstream
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and it travels to the lateral hypothalamus in the brain
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this then causes the hunger response so it causes you to go seek and look for more food
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all right another function of ghrelin is
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that it's going to prepare the body for this food
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so this ghrelin is going to go ahead
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and act on the stomach itself and it's going to increase gastric motility
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and gastric acid production to prepare the body for the food
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that the lateral hypothalamus just ordered ghrelin is induced by two major inducers
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so hypoglycemia and low body weight
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so let's say you have low blood sugar as in the case for hypoglycemia or low
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or you're very thin as in the case of low body weight you're going to want to fix
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that by eating more food
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an inhibitor for ghrelin includes stomach distension so
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if you see over here on the diagram on the right distending the stomach is going to decrease ghrelin
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and decrease appetite because you have a bunch of food in the stomach
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and you don't eat anymore all right so let's hop over to leptin
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so leptin is our satiety hormone and it is produced by our white fat
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so these white adipose cells over here are going to produce our leptin
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and as these cells go bigger and bigger and bigger they're going to produce more and more leptin.
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So the fat is kind of doing a negative feedback on itself.
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So fat produces more leptin.
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This goes to the ventromedial hypothalamus.
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Then we're going to get inhibition of food intake and the fats kind of get smaller.
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So the fat is controlling itself in this case.
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And an easy way to remember that leptin is produced by fat cells is
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that I think of L for lipid and L for leptin and
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inducers for leptin include insulin and emotional stress
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so let's say you have high blood glucose you're going to have high insulin
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and that's going to induce leptin say let's stop eating our blood sugar is high enough
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and then emotional stress
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so let's say you're running away from a tiger
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you don't have time to think about those yummy blueberries in the bush
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you're too busy devoting all your energy to fight or flight
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so those are inducers for leptin so let's not be hungry in these cases.
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And then inhibitors for leptin include short -term fasting.
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So let's say you haven't eaten for eight, nine hours, your leptin response is going to be inhibited and ghrelin is going to take over.
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So both ghrelin and leptin are in your system all the time, just the levels are different.
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So sometimes ghrelin is higher and you're going to feel hungry and sometimes leptin is higher and you're going to feel satiated.
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Let's talk about the hypothalamus for a second.
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So these hormones are produced in the stomach and in the fat, and they're going to travel up to the hypothalamus,
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and they're going to act either on the lateral or the medial hypothalamus.
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So here in purple, we have the lateral hypothalamus, and here in blue, we have the medial hypothalamus.
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So what does the lateral hypothalamus react to?
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That's right, it's going to react to ghrelin, so it's going to cause you to be hungry.
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Now in this case, the experimenters lesioned it, so they cut the lateral hypothalamus in these mice.
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What's going to happen to this mouse?
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Well it's going to get thinner because now our leptin is our predominant hormone
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and it's telling the mouse I'm full all the time I don't need to eat
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and ghrelin can no longer act on the lateral hypothalamus.
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All right so let's say we lesion the ventromedial hypothalamus these two blue dots right here.
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Well now ghrelin response is going to be more predominant
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so our mouse is going to feel hungry all the time
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and it's going to be fat
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so we need a balance between these two hormones to get
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our mouse just in the right weight range where it's not undernourished or overnourished.
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An easy way to remember this is
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that our lateral hypothalamus makes you grow laterally so
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if we draw a guy over here let's say this is a skinny guy
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and then this is a fatter version of himself so lateral hypothalamus makes you grow laterally
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while the medial hypothalamus makes you grow medially, so you're going to get thinner.
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Okay, so that's an easy way to remember this.
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Okay, so let's do a little bit of a clinical correlate before we end off here, just to hammer the point home.
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So here we have two obese people, but they're obese for different reasons.
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Over here on the left, we have someone with Prater -Willi syndrome, which is a mutation on chromosome 15.
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Now Prader -Willi does a bunch of things,
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but one of the things it does in correspondence with ghrelin and leptin is that it increases ghrelin levels.
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So now this man is going to feel hungry all the time and that's the cause for his obesity.
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In contrast over here this small child has congenital obesity, so what that causes is an insensitivity to leptin.
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So our medial hypothalamus right in here blue is no longer sensitive to leptin
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which means this child does not feel satiated
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at all so they're going to keep eating and eating
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and eating so in both these people the ghrelin response is overactive in here
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because they're on the right because there's more ghrelin
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and on the left because there is an increase on decrease in leptin sensitivity
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so ghrelin response is going to be more active in congenital obesity as well as Prader -Willi.
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So that's often tested on boards just in case you want to remember these small facts.
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All right, so I hope this video helped.
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If you have any questions, please leave them in the comments, and I'll see you in the next one.
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Từ vựng và ghi chú luyện nói cho bài học này
Bài luyện nói này dựa trên video “Appetite: Ghrelin and Leptin Explained”. Những từ được nhắc lại nhiều nhất trong bài: ghrelin, leptin, hypothalamus, lateral, fat. Video này có 93 câu và 1167 từ để luyện shadowing. Phần lời nói dài 6:31. Người nói nói với tốc độ tự nhiên, khoảng 179 từ mỗi phút, gần với hội thoại hằng ngày. Chỉ 80% số từ nằm trong 3.000 từ tiếng Anh thông dụng nhất, nên từ vựng khá khó.
Từ vựng quan trọng trong video
15 từ đáng học trong video, kèm phiên âm và nghĩa:
| Từ | Phiên âm | Nghĩa |
|---|---|---|
| hormone danh từ | /ˈhoɹmoʊn/ | nội tiết tố |
| stomach danh từ | /ˈstʌmək/ | dạ dày, bao tử |
| hungry tính từ | /ˈhʌŋ.ɡɹi/ | đói |
| mouse danh từ | /maʊs/ | chuột |
| appetite danh từ | /ˈæp.əˌtaɪt/ | sự ngon miệng, sự thèm ăn |
| thin tính từ | /ˈθɪn/ | mỏng, mảnh |
| decrease động từ | /dɪˈkɹiːs/ | hạ |
| hunger danh từ | /ˈhʌŋɡɚ/ | đói |
| obesity danh từ | /ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/ | béo phì |
| skinny tính từ | /ˈskɪni/ | gầy, ốm |
| insulin danh từ | /ˈɪnsəlɪn/ | insulin |
| obese tính từ | /oʊˈbis/ | béo phì |
| sensitive tính từ | /ˈsɛn.sɪt.ɪv/ | nhạy cảm |
| acid danh từ | /ˈæsɪd/ | axít |
| feedback danh từ | /ˈfiːdˌbæk/ | sự phản hồi |
Phát âm cần chú ý
Người nói dùng 26 dạng rút gọn, ví dụ you're, they're, don't. Hãy nói theo dạng ngắn đúng như bạn nghe.
- Âm “sh” và “zh”: contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, lesion /ˈliːʒən/, satiate /ˈseɪʃɪeɪt/, distension /dɪsˈtɛnʃən/
- Từ dài — đặt trọng âm cho đúng: obesity /ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/, sensitivity /ˌsɛn.səˈtɪv.ə.ti/, correspondence /ˌkoɹ.ɪˈspɑn.dəns/, congenital /kənˈdʒɛnɪt(ə)l/, inhibitor /ɪnˈhɪbɪtɚ/
Những âm người Việt thường gặp khó:
- Cụm phụ âm cuối — đọc đủ từng âm, đừng nuốt âm cuối: react /ɹiːˈækt/, contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, correspondence /ˌkoɹ.ɪˈspɑn.dəns/, predominant /pɹɪˈdɒmɪnənt/, distend /dɪˈstɛnd/
- Âm /tʃ/, /dʒ/ và /ʒ/ — tiếng Việt không có, đừng đọc thành “ch” hay “gi”: congenital /kənˈdʒɛnɪt(ə)l/, lesion /ˈliːʒən/
- Âm /æ/ — mở miệng rộng hơn âm “e”: lateral /ˈlætəɹəl/, appetite /ˈæp.əˌtaɪt/, react /ɹiːˈækt/, contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, acid /ˈæsɪd/
Cách luyện với video này
- Nghe hết video một lần, chưa cần nói, và ghi lại những từ bạn chưa biết.
- Bắt đầu ở tốc độ 0,75×, nói đuổi từng câu, rồi quay lại tốc độ bình thường khi đã quen.
- Ghi âm giọng mình rồi so với bản gốc, chú ý các từ như hormone, stomach, hungry.
Phương Pháp Shadowing Là Gì?
Shadowing là kỹ thuật học ngôn ngữ có cơ sở khoa học, ban đầu được phát triển cho chương trình đào tạo phiên dịch viên chuyên nghiệp và được phổ biến rộng rãi bởi nhà đa ngôn ngữ học Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Nguyên lý cốt lõi đơn giản nhưng cực kỳ hiệu quả: bạn nghe tiếng Anh của người bản xứ và lặp lại to ngay lập tức — như một "cái bóng" (shadow) đuổi theo người nói với độ trễ chỉ 1–2 giây. Khác với luyện ngữ pháp hay học từ vựng bị động, Shadowing buộc não bộ và cơ miệng phải đồng thời xử lý và tái tạo ngôn ngữ thực tế. Các nghiên cứu khoa học xác nhận phương pháp này cải thiện đáng kể phát âm, ngữ điệu, nhịp điệu, nối âm, kỹ năng nghe và độ lưu loát khi nói — đặc biệt hiệu quả cho người luyện IELTS Speaking và muốn giao tiếp tiếng Anh tự nhiên như người bản ngữ.