Практика Shadowing: Appetite: Ghrelin and Leptin Explained - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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hey guys

so today's video is going to be on appetite control i'm going to be talking about the two main hormones

that regulate appetite so that includes ghrelin and leptin

and these guys are here to make sure

that you either don't get too fat or too skinny

so you don't have too many calories or too few by controlling hunger behavior

so because they're homeostatic hormones they obviously are going to act on the hypothalamus

so they each act on a different region of the hypothalamus

and either trigger hunger as in the case for ghrelin or satiety as in the case for leptin.

So let's get into a couple of details about ghrelin here.

So ghrelin is our appetite hormone.

An easy way to remember this is that when you're hungry your stomach growls.

So GHR for growl and that is for appetite.

All right

so this ghrelin hormone is produced by X cells in the stomach they release it into the bloodstream

and it travels to the lateral hypothalamus in the brain

this then causes the hunger response so it causes you to go seek and look for more food

all right another function of ghrelin is

that it's going to prepare the body for this food

so this ghrelin is going to go ahead

and act on the stomach itself and it's going to increase gastric motility

and gastric acid production to prepare the body for the food

that the lateral hypothalamus just ordered ghrelin is induced by two major inducers

so hypoglycemia and low body weight

so let's say you have low blood sugar as in the case for hypoglycemia or low

or you're very thin as in the case of low body weight you're going to want to fix

that by eating more food

an inhibitor for ghrelin includes stomach distension so

if you see over here on the diagram on the right distending the stomach is going to decrease ghrelin

and decrease appetite because you have a bunch of food in the stomach

and you don't eat anymore all right so let's hop over to leptin

so leptin is our satiety hormone and it is produced by our white fat

so these white adipose cells over here are going to produce our leptin

and as these cells go bigger and bigger and bigger they're going to produce more and more leptin.

So the fat is kind of doing a negative feedback on itself.

So fat produces more leptin.

This goes to the ventromedial hypothalamus.

Then we're going to get inhibition of food intake and the fats kind of get smaller.

So the fat is controlling itself in this case.

And an easy way to remember that leptin is produced by fat cells is

that I think of L for lipid and L for leptin and

inducers for leptin include insulin and emotional stress

so let's say you have high blood glucose you're going to have high insulin

and that's going to induce leptin say let's stop eating our blood sugar is high enough

and then emotional stress

so let's say you're running away from a tiger

you don't have time to think about those yummy blueberries in the bush

you're too busy devoting all your energy to fight or flight

so those are inducers for leptin so let's not be hungry in these cases.

And then inhibitors for leptin include short -term fasting.

So let's say you haven't eaten for eight, nine hours, your leptin response is going to be inhibited and ghrelin is going to take over.

So both ghrelin and leptin are in your system all the time, just the levels are different.

So sometimes ghrelin is higher and you're going to feel hungry and sometimes leptin is higher and you're going to feel satiated.

Let's talk about the hypothalamus for a second.

So these hormones are produced in the stomach and in the fat, and they're going to travel up to the hypothalamus,

and they're going to act either on the lateral or the medial hypothalamus.

So here in purple, we have the lateral hypothalamus, and here in blue, we have the medial hypothalamus.

So what does the lateral hypothalamus react to?

That's right, it's going to react to ghrelin, so it's going to cause you to be hungry.

Now in this case, the experimenters lesioned it, so they cut the lateral hypothalamus in these mice.

What's going to happen to this mouse?

Well it's going to get thinner because now our leptin is our predominant hormone

and it's telling the mouse I'm full all the time I don't need to eat

and ghrelin can no longer act on the lateral hypothalamus.

All right so let's say we lesion the ventromedial hypothalamus these two blue dots right here.

Well now ghrelin response is going to be more predominant

so our mouse is going to feel hungry all the time

and it's going to be fat

so we need a balance between these two hormones to get

our mouse just in the right weight range where it's not undernourished or overnourished.

An easy way to remember this is

that our lateral hypothalamus makes you grow laterally so

if we draw a guy over here let's say this is a skinny guy

and then this is a fatter version of himself so lateral hypothalamus makes you grow laterally

while the medial hypothalamus makes you grow medially, so you're going to get thinner.

Okay, so that's an easy way to remember this.

Okay, so let's do a little bit of a clinical correlate before we end off here, just to hammer the point home.

So here we have two obese people, but they're obese for different reasons.

Over here on the left, we have someone with Prater -Willi syndrome, which is a mutation on chromosome 15.

Now Prader -Willi does a bunch of things,

but one of the things it does in correspondence with ghrelin and leptin is that it increases ghrelin levels.

So now this man is going to feel hungry all the time and that's the cause for his obesity.

In contrast over here this small child has congenital obesity, so what that causes is an insensitivity to leptin.

So our medial hypothalamus right in here blue is no longer sensitive to leptin

which means this child does not feel satiated

at all so they're going to keep eating and eating

and eating so in both these people the ghrelin response is overactive in here

because they're on the right because there's more ghrelin

and on the left because there is an increase on decrease in leptin sensitivity

so ghrelin response is going to be more active in congenital obesity as well as Prader -Willi.

So that's often tested on boards just in case you want to remember these small facts.

All right, so I hope this video helped.

If you have any questions, please leave them in the comments, and I'll see you in the next one.

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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

Этот урок разговорной практики построен на видео «Appetite: Ghrelin and Leptin Explained». Чаще всего повторяются слова: ghrelin, leptin, hypothalamus, lateral, fat. В этом видео 93 предложений и 1167 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 6:31. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 179 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. Только 80% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка, поэтому лексика сложная.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

15 слов из видео, которые стоит выучить, с произношением и значением:

Слово	Произношение	Значение
lateral прилагательное	/ˈlætəɹəl/	латера́льный, боково́й
hormone существительное	/ˈhoɹmoʊn/	гормо́н, инкре́т
stomach существительное	/ˈstʌmək/	желу́док, живо́т
hungry прилагательное	/ˈhʌŋ.ɡɹi/	голо́дный
mouse существительное	/maʊs/	мышь, мы́шка
appetite существительное	/ˈæp.əˌtaɪt/	аппети́т, охо́та
thin прилагательное	/ˈθɪn/	то́нкий
decrease глагол	/dɪˈkɹiːs/	уменьша́ться, уме́ньшиться
hunger существительное	/ˈhʌŋɡɚ/	го́лод
obesity существительное	/ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/	ожире́ние, ту́чность
react глагол	/ɹiːˈækt/	реаги́ровать, отреаги́ровать
skinny прилагательное	/ˈskɪni/	худо́й, то́щий
insulin существительное	/ˈɪnsəlɪn/	инсули́н
obese прилагательное	/oʊˈbis/	то́лстый, по́лный
induce глагол	/ɪnˈduːs/	побужда́ть, убежда́ть

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

Слово	Произношение	Значение
go ahead глагол	/ˌɡoʊ əˈhɛd/	дава́й, приступа́йте
take over глагол		брать на себя́, взять на себя́

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 26 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например you're, they're, don't. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

Звуки «sh» и «zh»: contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, lesion /ˈliːʒən/, satiate /ˈseɪʃɪeɪt/, distension /dɪsˈtɛnʃən/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: obesity /ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/, sensitivity /ˌsɛn.səˈtɪv.ə.ti/, correspondence /ˌkoɹ.ɪˈspɑn.dəns/, congenital /kənˈdʒɛnɪt(ə)l/, inhibitor /ɪnˈhɪbɪtɚ/

Звуки, трудные для русскоязычных:

/h/ — лёгкий выдох, а не русское «х»: hormone /ˈhoɹmoʊn/, hungry /ˈhʌŋ.ɡɹi/, hunger /ˈhʌŋɡɚ/, hammer /ˈhæmɚ/, inhibitor /ɪnˈhɪbɪtɚ/
Звонкие согласные в конце слова — не оглушайте их: sensitive /ˈsɛn.sɪt.ɪv/, acid /ˈæsɪd/, glucose /ˈɡluː.kəʊz/, distend /dɪˈstɛnd/, lipid /ˈlɪpɪd/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как lateral, hormone, stomach.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

Техника шедоуинга: читать полное пошаговое руководство →

Практика Shadowing: Appetite: Ghrelin and Leptin Explained - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

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