跟讀練習: Appetite: Ghrelin and Leptin Explained - 通過影片學習英語口語

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hey guys

so today's video is going to be on appetite control i'm going to be talking about the two main hormones

that regulate appetite so that includes ghrelin and leptin

and these guys are here to make sure

that you either don't get too fat or too skinny

so you don't have too many calories or too few by controlling hunger behavior

so because they're homeostatic hormones they obviously are going to act on the hypothalamus

so they each act on a different region of the hypothalamus

and either trigger hunger as in the case for ghrelin or satiety as in the case for leptin.

So let's get into a couple of details about ghrelin here.

So ghrelin is our appetite hormone.

An easy way to remember this is that when you're hungry your stomach growls.

So GHR for growl and that is for appetite.

All right

so this ghrelin hormone is produced by X cells in the stomach they release it into the bloodstream

and it travels to the lateral hypothalamus in the brain

this then causes the hunger response so it causes you to go seek and look for more food

all right another function of ghrelin is

that it's going to prepare the body for this food

so this ghrelin is going to go ahead

and act on the stomach itself and it's going to increase gastric motility

and gastric acid production to prepare the body for the food

that the lateral hypothalamus just ordered ghrelin is induced by two major inducers

so hypoglycemia and low body weight

so let's say you have low blood sugar as in the case for hypoglycemia or low

or you're very thin as in the case of low body weight you're going to want to fix

that by eating more food

an inhibitor for ghrelin includes stomach distension so

if you see over here on the diagram on the right distending the stomach is going to decrease ghrelin

and decrease appetite because you have a bunch of food in the stomach

and you don't eat anymore all right so let's hop over to leptin

so leptin is our satiety hormone and it is produced by our white fat

so these white adipose cells over here are going to produce our leptin

and as these cells go bigger and bigger and bigger they're going to produce more and more leptin.

So the fat is kind of doing a negative feedback on itself.

So fat produces more leptin.

This goes to the ventromedial hypothalamus.

Then we're going to get inhibition of food intake and the fats kind of get smaller.

So the fat is controlling itself in this case.

And an easy way to remember that leptin is produced by fat cells is

that I think of L for lipid and L for leptin and

inducers for leptin include insulin and emotional stress

so let's say you have high blood glucose you're going to have high insulin

and that's going to induce leptin say let's stop eating our blood sugar is high enough

and then emotional stress

so let's say you're running away from a tiger

you don't have time to think about those yummy blueberries in the bush

you're too busy devoting all your energy to fight or flight

so those are inducers for leptin so let's not be hungry in these cases.

And then inhibitors for leptin include short -term fasting.

So let's say you haven't eaten for eight, nine hours, your leptin response is going to be inhibited and ghrelin is going to take over.

So both ghrelin and leptin are in your system all the time, just the levels are different.

So sometimes ghrelin is higher and you're going to feel hungry and sometimes leptin is higher and you're going to feel satiated.

Let's talk about the hypothalamus for a second.

So these hormones are produced in the stomach and in the fat, and they're going to travel up to the hypothalamus,

and they're going to act either on the lateral or the medial hypothalamus.

So here in purple, we have the lateral hypothalamus, and here in blue, we have the medial hypothalamus.

So what does the lateral hypothalamus react to?

That's right, it's going to react to ghrelin, so it's going to cause you to be hungry.

Now in this case, the experimenters lesioned it, so they cut the lateral hypothalamus in these mice.

What's going to happen to this mouse?

Well it's going to get thinner because now our leptin is our predominant hormone

and it's telling the mouse I'm full all the time I don't need to eat

and ghrelin can no longer act on the lateral hypothalamus.

All right so let's say we lesion the ventromedial hypothalamus these two blue dots right here.

Well now ghrelin response is going to be more predominant

so our mouse is going to feel hungry all the time

and it's going to be fat

so we need a balance between these two hormones to get

our mouse just in the right weight range where it's not undernourished or overnourished.

An easy way to remember this is

that our lateral hypothalamus makes you grow laterally so

if we draw a guy over here let's say this is a skinny guy

and then this is a fatter version of himself so lateral hypothalamus makes you grow laterally

while the medial hypothalamus makes you grow medially, so you're going to get thinner.

Okay, so that's an easy way to remember this.

Okay, so let's do a little bit of a clinical correlate before we end off here, just to hammer the point home.

So here we have two obese people, but they're obese for different reasons.

Over here on the left, we have someone with Prater -Willi syndrome, which is a mutation on chromosome 15.

Now Prader -Willi does a bunch of things,

but one of the things it does in correspondence with ghrelin and leptin is that it increases ghrelin levels.

So now this man is going to feel hungry all the time and that's the cause for his obesity.

In contrast over here this small child has congenital obesity, so what that causes is an insensitivity to leptin.

So our medial hypothalamus right in here blue is no longer sensitive to leptin

which means this child does not feel satiated

at all so they're going to keep eating and eating

and eating so in both these people the ghrelin response is overactive in here

because they're on the right because there's more ghrelin

and on the left because there is an increase on decrease in leptin sensitivity

so ghrelin response is going to be more active in congenital obesity as well as Prader -Willi.

So that's often tested on boards just in case you want to remember these small facts.

All right, so I hope this video helped.

If you have any questions, please leave them in the comments, and I'll see you in the next one.

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節口語課以影片“Appetite: Ghrelin and Leptin Explained”為素材。影片中反覆出現的詞有：ghrelin, leptin, hypothalamus, lateral, fat。這段影片共有 93 個句子、1167 個單詞可供跟讀。講話部分時長為 6:31。說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 179 個詞，接近日常對話。只有 80% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中 15 個值得學習的單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞	發音	釋義
hormone 名詞	/ˈhoɹmoʊn/	激素, 荷爾蒙 /荷爾蒙
stomach 名詞	/ˈstʌmək/	дўзы, 胃
hungry 形容詞	/ˈhʌŋ.ɡɹi/	飢餓 /飢餓, 餓 /餓
mouse 名詞	/maʊs/	лочў, 鳥鼠 /鳥鼠
appetite 名詞	/ˈæp.əˌtaɪt/	食慾 /食慾
thin 形容詞	/ˈθɪn/	бә, 薄
decrease 動詞	/dɪˈkɹiːs/	減少 /減少, 下降
hunger 名詞	/ˈhʌŋɡɚ/	飢餓 /飢餓
obesity 名詞	/ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/	肥胖, 肥胖症
skinny 形容詞	/ˈskɪni/	瘦, 枯瘦
insulin 名詞	/ˈɪnsəlɪn/	胰島素 /胰島素
obese 形容詞	/oʊˈbis/	肥胖
contrast 名詞	/kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/	對比度
sensitive 形容詞	/ˈsɛn.sɪt.ɪv/	敏感
acid 名詞	/ˈæsɪd/	酸

影片中出現的短語動詞

單詞	發音	釋義
go ahead 動詞	/ˌɡoʊ əˈhɛd/	請便 /請便
take over 動詞		接管, 接手

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 26 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 you're, they're, don't。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, lesion /ˈliːʒən/, satiate /ˈseɪʃɪeɪt/, distension /dɪsˈtɛnʃən/
長單詞——注意重音位置: obesity /ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/, sensitivity /ˌsɛn.səˈtɪv.ə.ti/, correspondence /ˌkoɹ.ɪˈspɑn.dəns/, congenital /kənˈdʒɛnɪt(ə)l/, inhibitor /ɪnˈhɪbɪtɚ/

中文母語者容易讀錯的音：

/v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: sensitive /ˈsɛn.sɪt.ɪv/, sensitivity /ˌsɛn.səˈtɪv.ə.ti/, devote /dɪˈvəʊt/, overnourished /ˈoʊvɚnʌɹɪʃt/
詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: stomach /ˈstʌmək/, mouse /maʊs/, appetite /ˈæp.əˌtaɪt/, decrease /dɪˈkɹiːs/, react /ɹiːˈækt/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: lateral /ˈlætəɹəl/, regulate /ˈɹɛɡ.jə.leɪt/, calorie /ˈkæləɹi/, ghrelin /ˈɡɹɛlɪn/, growl /ˈɡɹaʊ̯l/

如何用這段影片練習

先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 hormone, stomach, hungry 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →

跟讀練習: Appetite: Ghrelin and Leptin Explained - 通過影片學習英語口語

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