跟读练习: Appetite: Ghrelin and Leptin Explained - 通过视频学习英语口语

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hey guys

so today's video is going to be on appetite control i'm going to be talking about the two main hormones

that regulate appetite so that includes ghrelin and leptin

and these guys are here to make sure

that you either don't get too fat or too skinny

so you don't have too many calories or too few by controlling hunger behavior

so because they're homeostatic hormones they obviously are going to act on the hypothalamus

so they each act on a different region of the hypothalamus

and either trigger hunger as in the case for ghrelin or satiety as in the case for leptin.

So let's get into a couple of details about ghrelin here.

So ghrelin is our appetite hormone.

An easy way to remember this is that when you're hungry your stomach growls.

So GHR for growl and that is for appetite.

All right

so this ghrelin hormone is produced by X cells in the stomach they release it into the bloodstream

and it travels to the lateral hypothalamus in the brain

this then causes the hunger response so it causes you to go seek and look for more food

all right another function of ghrelin is

that it's going to prepare the body for this food

so this ghrelin is going to go ahead

and act on the stomach itself and it's going to increase gastric motility

and gastric acid production to prepare the body for the food

that the lateral hypothalamus just ordered ghrelin is induced by two major inducers

so hypoglycemia and low body weight

so let's say you have low blood sugar as in the case for hypoglycemia or low

or you're very thin as in the case of low body weight you're going to want to fix

that by eating more food

an inhibitor for ghrelin includes stomach distension so

if you see over here on the diagram on the right distending the stomach is going to decrease ghrelin

and decrease appetite because you have a bunch of food in the stomach

and you don't eat anymore all right so let's hop over to leptin

so leptin is our satiety hormone and it is produced by our white fat

so these white adipose cells over here are going to produce our leptin

and as these cells go bigger and bigger and bigger they're going to produce more and more leptin.

So the fat is kind of doing a negative feedback on itself.

So fat produces more leptin.

This goes to the ventromedial hypothalamus.

Then we're going to get inhibition of food intake and the fats kind of get smaller.

So the fat is controlling itself in this case.

And an easy way to remember that leptin is produced by fat cells is

that I think of L for lipid and L for leptin and

inducers for leptin include insulin and emotional stress

so let's say you have high blood glucose you're going to have high insulin

and that's going to induce leptin say let's stop eating our blood sugar is high enough

and then emotional stress

so let's say you're running away from a tiger

you don't have time to think about those yummy blueberries in the bush

you're too busy devoting all your energy to fight or flight

so those are inducers for leptin so let's not be hungry in these cases.

And then inhibitors for leptin include short -term fasting.

So let's say you haven't eaten for eight, nine hours, your leptin response is going to be inhibited and ghrelin is going to take over.

So both ghrelin and leptin are in your system all the time, just the levels are different.

So sometimes ghrelin is higher and you're going to feel hungry and sometimes leptin is higher and you're going to feel satiated.

Let's talk about the hypothalamus for a second.

So these hormones are produced in the stomach and in the fat, and they're going to travel up to the hypothalamus,

and they're going to act either on the lateral or the medial hypothalamus.

So here in purple, we have the lateral hypothalamus, and here in blue, we have the medial hypothalamus.

So what does the lateral hypothalamus react to?

That's right, it's going to react to ghrelin, so it's going to cause you to be hungry.

Now in this case, the experimenters lesioned it, so they cut the lateral hypothalamus in these mice.

What's going to happen to this mouse?

Well it's going to get thinner because now our leptin is our predominant hormone

and it's telling the mouse I'm full all the time I don't need to eat

and ghrelin can no longer act on the lateral hypothalamus.

All right so let's say we lesion the ventromedial hypothalamus these two blue dots right here.

Well now ghrelin response is going to be more predominant

so our mouse is going to feel hungry all the time

and it's going to be fat

so we need a balance between these two hormones to get

our mouse just in the right weight range where it's not undernourished or overnourished.

An easy way to remember this is

that our lateral hypothalamus makes you grow laterally so

if we draw a guy over here let's say this is a skinny guy

and then this is a fatter version of himself so lateral hypothalamus makes you grow laterally

while the medial hypothalamus makes you grow medially, so you're going to get thinner.

Okay, so that's an easy way to remember this.

Okay, so let's do a little bit of a clinical correlate before we end off here, just to hammer the point home.

So here we have two obese people, but they're obese for different reasons.

Over here on the left, we have someone with Prater -Willi syndrome, which is a mutation on chromosome 15.

Now Prader -Willi does a bunch of things,

but one of the things it does in correspondence with ghrelin and leptin is that it increases ghrelin levels.

So now this man is going to feel hungry all the time and that's the cause for his obesity.

In contrast over here this small child has congenital obesity, so what that causes is an insensitivity to leptin.

So our medial hypothalamus right in here blue is no longer sensitive to leptin

which means this child does not feel satiated

at all so they're going to keep eating and eating

and eating so in both these people the ghrelin response is overactive in here

because they're on the right because there's more ghrelin

and on the left because there is an increase on decrease in leptin sensitivity

so ghrelin response is going to be more active in congenital obesity as well as Prader -Willi.

So that's often tested on boards just in case you want to remember these small facts.

All right, so I hope this video helped.

If you have any questions, please leave them in the comments, and I'll see you in the next one.

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本课的词汇与口语要点

这节口语课以视频“Appetite: Ghrelin and Leptin Explained”为素材。视频中反复出现的词有：ghrelin, leptin, hypothalamus, lateral, fat。这段视频共有 93 个句子、1167 个单词可供跟读。讲话部分时长为 6:31。说话人语速自然，每分钟约 179 个词，接近日常对话。只有 80% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。

视频中的重点词汇

视频中 15 个值得学习的单词，附发音和释义：

单词	发音	释义
hormone 名词	/ˈhoɹmoʊn/	激素, 荷爾蒙 /荷尔蒙
stomach 名词	/ˈstʌmək/	дўзы, 胃
hungry 形容词	/ˈhʌŋ.ɡɹi/	飢餓 /饥饿, 餓 /饿
mouse 名词	/maʊs/	лочў, 鳥鼠 /鸟鼠
appetite 名词	/ˈæp.əˌtaɪt/	食慾 /食欲
thin 形容词	/ˈθɪn/	бә, 薄
decrease 动词	/dɪˈkɹiːs/	減少 /减少, 下降
hunger 名词	/ˈhʌŋɡɚ/	飢餓 /饥饿
obesity 名词	/ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/	肥胖, 肥胖症
skinny 形容词	/ˈskɪni/	瘦, 枯瘦
insulin 名词	/ˈɪnsəlɪn/	胰島素 /胰岛素
obese 形容词	/oʊˈbis/	肥胖
contrast 名词	/kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/	对比度
sensitive 形容词	/ˈsɛn.sɪt.ɪv/	敏感
acid 名词	/ˈæsɪd/	酸

视频中出现的短语动词

单词	发音	释义
go ahead 动词	/ˌɡoʊ əˈhɛd/	請便 /请便
take over 动词		接管, 接手

需要注意的发音

说话人用了 26 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 you're, they're, don't。请按听到的简短形式来说。

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, lesion /ˈliːʒən/, satiate /ˈseɪʃɪeɪt/, distension /dɪsˈtɛnʃən/
长单词——注意重音位置: obesity /ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/, sensitivity /ˌsɛn.səˈtɪv.ə.ti/, correspondence /ˌkoɹ.ɪˈspɑn.dəns/, congenital /kənˈdʒɛnɪt(ə)l/, inhibitor /ɪnˈhɪbɪtɚ/

中文母语者容易读错的音：

/v/ — 不要读成 /w/，上齿轻触下唇: sensitive /ˈsɛn.sɪt.ɪv/, sensitivity /ˌsɛn.səˈtɪv.ə.ti/, devote /dɪˈvəʊt/, overnourished /ˈoʊvɚnʌɹɪʃt/
词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: stomach /ˈstʌmək/, mouse /maʊs/, appetite /ˈæp.əˌtaɪt/, decrease /dɪˈkɹiːs/, react /ɹiːˈækt/
/r/ 和 /l/ 的区别: lateral /ˈlætəɹəl/, regulate /ˈɹɛɡ.jə.leɪt/, calorie /ˈkæləɹi/, ghrelin /ˈɡɹɛlɪn/, growl /ˈɡɹaʊ̯l/

如何用这段视频练习

先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 hormone, stomach, hungry 这类单词。

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟读法: 阅读完整分步指南 →

跟读练习: Appetite: Ghrelin and Leptin Explained - 通过视频学习英语口语

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