Pratica di Shadowing: Appetite: Ghrelin and Leptin Explained - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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hey guys
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so today's video is going to be on appetite control i'm going to be talking about the two main hormones
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that regulate appetite so that includes ghrelin and leptin
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and these guys are here to make sure
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that you either don't get too fat or too skinny
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so you don't have too many calories or too few by controlling hunger behavior
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so because they're homeostatic hormones they obviously are going to act on the hypothalamus
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so they each act on a different region of the hypothalamus
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and either trigger hunger as in the case for ghrelin or satiety as in the case for leptin.
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So let's get into a couple of details about ghrelin here.
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So ghrelin is our appetite hormone.
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An easy way to remember this is that when you're hungry your stomach growls.
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So GHR for growl and that is for appetite.
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All right
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so this ghrelin hormone is produced by X cells in the stomach they release it into the bloodstream
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and it travels to the lateral hypothalamus in the brain
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this then causes the hunger response so it causes you to go seek and look for more food
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all right another function of ghrelin is
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that it's going to prepare the body for this food
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so this ghrelin is going to go ahead
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and act on the stomach itself and it's going to increase gastric motility
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and gastric acid production to prepare the body for the food
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that the lateral hypothalamus just ordered ghrelin is induced by two major inducers
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so hypoglycemia and low body weight
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so let's say you have low blood sugar as in the case for hypoglycemia or low
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or you're very thin as in the case of low body weight you're going to want to fix
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that by eating more food
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an inhibitor for ghrelin includes stomach distension so
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if you see over here on the diagram on the right distending the stomach is going to decrease ghrelin
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and decrease appetite because you have a bunch of food in the stomach
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and you don't eat anymore all right so let's hop over to leptin
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so leptin is our satiety hormone and it is produced by our white fat
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so these white adipose cells over here are going to produce our leptin
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and as these cells go bigger and bigger and bigger they're going to produce more and more leptin.
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So the fat is kind of doing a negative feedback on itself.
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So fat produces more leptin.
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This goes to the ventromedial hypothalamus.
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Then we're going to get inhibition of food intake and the fats kind of get smaller.
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So the fat is controlling itself in this case.
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And an easy way to remember that leptin is produced by fat cells is
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that I think of L for lipid and L for leptin and
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inducers for leptin include insulin and emotional stress
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so let's say you have high blood glucose you're going to have high insulin
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and that's going to induce leptin say let's stop eating our blood sugar is high enough
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and then emotional stress
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so let's say you're running away from a tiger
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you don't have time to think about those yummy blueberries in the bush
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you're too busy devoting all your energy to fight or flight
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so those are inducers for leptin so let's not be hungry in these cases.
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And then inhibitors for leptin include short -term fasting.
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So let's say you haven't eaten for eight, nine hours, your leptin response is going to be inhibited and ghrelin is going to take over.
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So both ghrelin and leptin are in your system all the time, just the levels are different.
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So sometimes ghrelin is higher and you're going to feel hungry and sometimes leptin is higher and you're going to feel satiated.
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Let's talk about the hypothalamus for a second.
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So these hormones are produced in the stomach and in the fat, and they're going to travel up to the hypothalamus,
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and they're going to act either on the lateral or the medial hypothalamus.
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So here in purple, we have the lateral hypothalamus, and here in blue, we have the medial hypothalamus.
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So what does the lateral hypothalamus react to?
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That's right, it's going to react to ghrelin, so it's going to cause you to be hungry.
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Now in this case, the experimenters lesioned it, so they cut the lateral hypothalamus in these mice.
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What's going to happen to this mouse?
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Well it's going to get thinner because now our leptin is our predominant hormone
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and it's telling the mouse I'm full all the time I don't need to eat
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and ghrelin can no longer act on the lateral hypothalamus.
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All right so let's say we lesion the ventromedial hypothalamus these two blue dots right here.
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Well now ghrelin response is going to be more predominant
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so our mouse is going to feel hungry all the time
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and it's going to be fat
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so we need a balance between these two hormones to get
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our mouse just in the right weight range where it's not undernourished or overnourished.
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An easy way to remember this is
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that our lateral hypothalamus makes you grow laterally so
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if we draw a guy over here let's say this is a skinny guy
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and then this is a fatter version of himself so lateral hypothalamus makes you grow laterally
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while the medial hypothalamus makes you grow medially, so you're going to get thinner.
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Okay, so that's an easy way to remember this.
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Okay, so let's do a little bit of a clinical correlate before we end off here, just to hammer the point home.
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So here we have two obese people, but they're obese for different reasons.
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Over here on the left, we have someone with Prater -Willi syndrome, which is a mutation on chromosome 15.
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Now Prader -Willi does a bunch of things,
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but one of the things it does in correspondence with ghrelin and leptin is that it increases ghrelin levels.
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So now this man is going to feel hungry all the time and that's the cause for his obesity.
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In contrast over here this small child has congenital obesity, so what that causes is an insensitivity to leptin.
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So our medial hypothalamus right in here blue is no longer sensitive to leptin
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which means this child does not feel satiated
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at all so they're going to keep eating and eating
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and eating so in both these people the ghrelin response is overactive in here
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because they're on the right because there's more ghrelin
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and on the left because there is an increase on decrease in leptin sensitivity
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so ghrelin response is going to be more active in congenital obesity as well as Prader -Willi.
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So that's often tested on boards just in case you want to remember these small facts.
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All right, so I hope this video helped.
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If you have any questions, please leave them in the comments, and I'll see you in the next one.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione si basa sul video “Appetite: Ghrelin and Leptin Explained”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: ghrelin, leptin, hypothalamus, lateral, fat. Questo video contiene 93 frasi e 1167 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 6:31. Chi parla ha un ritmo naturale di circa 179 parole al minuto, vicino a una conversazione quotidiana. Solo il 80% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| lateral aggettivo | /ˈlætəɹəl/ | laterale |
| hormone sostantivo | /ˈhoɹmoʊn/ | ormone |
| stomach sostantivo | /ˈstʌmək/ | stomaco |
| hungry aggettivo | /ˈhʌŋ.ɡɹi/ | affamato, avere fame |
| mouse sostantivo | /maʊs/ | topo, sorcio |
| appetite sostantivo | /ˈæp.əˌtaɪt/ | appetito |
| thin aggettivo | /ˈθɪn/ | sottile, fine |
| decrease verbo | /dɪˈkɹiːs/ | diminuire, calare |
| hunger sostantivo | /ˈhʌŋɡɚ/ | fame |
| obesity sostantivo | /ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/ | obesità |
| react verbo | /ɹiːˈækt/ | reagire |
| skinny aggettivo | /ˈskɪni/ | magro, smunto |
| insulin sostantivo | /ˈɪnsəlɪn/ | insulina |
| obese aggettivo | /oʊˈbis/ | obeso corpulento |
| induce verbo | /ɪnˈduːs/ | persuadere, incitare |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| go ahead verbo | /ˌɡoʊ əˈhɛd/ | procedere, andare avanti |
| take over verbo | usurpare |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 26 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come you're, they're, don't. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, lesion /ˈliːʒən/, satiate /ˈseɪʃɪeɪt/, distension /dɪsˈtɛnʃən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: obesity /ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/, sensitivity /ˌsɛn.səˈtɪv.ə.ti/, correspondence /ˌkoɹ.ɪˈspɑn.dəns/, congenital /kənˈdʒɛnɪt(ə)l/, inhibitor /ɪnˈhɪbɪtɚ/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: hormone /ˈhoɹmoʊn/, hungry /ˈhʌŋ.ɡɹi/, hunger /ˈhʌŋɡɚ/, hammer /ˈhæmɚ/, inhibitor /ɪnˈhɪbɪtɚ/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: stomach /ˈstʌmək/, mouse /maʊs/, appetite /ˈæp.əˌtaɪt/, decrease /dɪˈkɹiːs/, react /ɹiːˈækt/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: lateral /ˈlætəɹəl/, appetite /ˈæp.əˌtaɪt/, react /ɹiːˈækt/, contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, acid /ˈæsɪd/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come lateral, hormone, stomach.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.