Shadowing Practice: Appetite: Ghrelin and Leptin Explained - Learn English Speaking with Video
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hey guys
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so today's video is going to be on appetite control i'm going to be talking about the two main hormones
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that regulate appetite so that includes ghrelin and leptin
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and these guys are here to make sure
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that you either don't get too fat or too skinny
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so you don't have too many calories or too few by controlling hunger behavior
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so because they're homeostatic hormones they obviously are going to act on the hypothalamus
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so they each act on a different region of the hypothalamus
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and either trigger hunger as in the case for ghrelin or satiety as in the case for leptin.
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So let's get into a couple of details about ghrelin here.
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So ghrelin is our appetite hormone.
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An easy way to remember this is that when you're hungry your stomach growls.
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So GHR for growl and that is for appetite.
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All right
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so this ghrelin hormone is produced by X cells in the stomach they release it into the bloodstream
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and it travels to the lateral hypothalamus in the brain
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this then causes the hunger response so it causes you to go seek and look for more food
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all right another function of ghrelin is
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that it's going to prepare the body for this food
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so this ghrelin is going to go ahead
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and act on the stomach itself and it's going to increase gastric motility
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and gastric acid production to prepare the body for the food
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that the lateral hypothalamus just ordered ghrelin is induced by two major inducers
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so hypoglycemia and low body weight
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so let's say you have low blood sugar as in the case for hypoglycemia or low
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or you're very thin as in the case of low body weight you're going to want to fix
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that by eating more food
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an inhibitor for ghrelin includes stomach distension so
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if you see over here on the diagram on the right distending the stomach is going to decrease ghrelin
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and decrease appetite because you have a bunch of food in the stomach
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and you don't eat anymore all right so let's hop over to leptin
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so leptin is our satiety hormone and it is produced by our white fat
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so these white adipose cells over here are going to produce our leptin
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and as these cells go bigger and bigger and bigger they're going to produce more and more leptin.
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So the fat is kind of doing a negative feedback on itself.
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So fat produces more leptin.
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This goes to the ventromedial hypothalamus.
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Then we're going to get inhibition of food intake and the fats kind of get smaller.
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So the fat is controlling itself in this case.
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And an easy way to remember that leptin is produced by fat cells is
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that I think of L for lipid and L for leptin and
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inducers for leptin include insulin and emotional stress
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so let's say you have high blood glucose you're going to have high insulin
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and that's going to induce leptin say let's stop eating our blood sugar is high enough
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and then emotional stress
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so let's say you're running away from a tiger
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you don't have time to think about those yummy blueberries in the bush
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you're too busy devoting all your energy to fight or flight
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so those are inducers for leptin so let's not be hungry in these cases.
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And then inhibitors for leptin include short -term fasting.
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So let's say you haven't eaten for eight, nine hours, your leptin response is going to be inhibited and ghrelin is going to take over.
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So both ghrelin and leptin are in your system all the time, just the levels are different.
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So sometimes ghrelin is higher and you're going to feel hungry and sometimes leptin is higher and you're going to feel satiated.
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Let's talk about the hypothalamus for a second.
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So these hormones are produced in the stomach and in the fat, and they're going to travel up to the hypothalamus,
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and they're going to act either on the lateral or the medial hypothalamus.
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So here in purple, we have the lateral hypothalamus, and here in blue, we have the medial hypothalamus.
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So what does the lateral hypothalamus react to?
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That's right, it's going to react to ghrelin, so it's going to cause you to be hungry.
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Now in this case, the experimenters lesioned it, so they cut the lateral hypothalamus in these mice.
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What's going to happen to this mouse?
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Well it's going to get thinner because now our leptin is our predominant hormone
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and it's telling the mouse I'm full all the time I don't need to eat
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and ghrelin can no longer act on the lateral hypothalamus.
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All right so let's say we lesion the ventromedial hypothalamus these two blue dots right here.
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Well now ghrelin response is going to be more predominant
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so our mouse is going to feel hungry all the time
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and it's going to be fat
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so we need a balance between these two hormones to get
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our mouse just in the right weight range where it's not undernourished or overnourished.
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An easy way to remember this is
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that our lateral hypothalamus makes you grow laterally so
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if we draw a guy over here let's say this is a skinny guy
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and then this is a fatter version of himself so lateral hypothalamus makes you grow laterally
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while the medial hypothalamus makes you grow medially, so you're going to get thinner.
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Okay, so that's an easy way to remember this.
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Okay, so let's do a little bit of a clinical correlate before we end off here, just to hammer the point home.
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So here we have two obese people, but they're obese for different reasons.
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Over here on the left, we have someone with Prater -Willi syndrome, which is a mutation on chromosome 15.
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Now Prader -Willi does a bunch of things,
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but one of the things it does in correspondence with ghrelin and leptin is that it increases ghrelin levels.
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So now this man is going to feel hungry all the time and that's the cause for his obesity.
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In contrast over here this small child has congenital obesity, so what that causes is an insensitivity to leptin.
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So our medial hypothalamus right in here blue is no longer sensitive to leptin
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which means this child does not feel satiated
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at all so they're going to keep eating and eating
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and eating so in both these people the ghrelin response is overactive in here
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because they're on the right because there's more ghrelin
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and on the left because there is an increase on decrease in leptin sensitivity
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so ghrelin response is going to be more active in congenital obesity as well as Prader -Willi.
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So that's often tested on boards just in case you want to remember these small facts.
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All right, so I hope this video helped.
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If you have any questions, please leave them in the comments, and I'll see you in the next one.
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu konuşma dersi “Appetite: Ghrelin and Leptin Explained” videosuna dayanıyor. En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: ghrelin, leptin, hypothalamus, lateral, fat. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 93 cümle ve 1167 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 6:31 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 179 kelimeyle, günlük konuşmaya yakın doğal bir hızda konuşuyor. Kelimelerin yalnızca %80’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında, bu yüzden kelime dağarcığı zorlayıcı.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodan öğrenmeye değer 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| stomach isim | /ˈstʌmək/ | mide, karın |
| hungry sıfat | /ˈhʌŋ.ɡɹi/ | aç |
| mouse isim | /maʊs/ | fare, sıçan |
| appetite isim | /ˈæp.əˌtaɪt/ | iştah, arzu |
| thin sıfat | /ˈθɪn/ | ince |
| decrease fiil | /dɪˈkɹiːs/ | azalmak, düşmek |
| hunger isim | /ˈhʌŋɡɚ/ | açlık, aç |
| obesity isim | /ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/ | obezite |
| react fiil | /ɹiːˈækt/ | reaksiyon göstermek |
| insulin isim | /ˈɪnsəlɪn/ | insülin |
| obese sıfat | /oʊˈbis/ | obez |
| sensitive sıfat | /ˈsɛn.sɪt.ɪv/ | alıngan, darılgan |
| acid isim | /ˈæsɪd/ | asit |
| feedback isim | /ˈfiːdˌbæk/ | geri bildirim |
| purple isim | /ˈpɝ.pl̩/ | mor, erguvani |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı you're, they're, don't gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 26 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/, lesion /ˈliːʒən/, satiate /ˈseɪʃɪeɪt/, distension /dɪsˈtɛnʃən/
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: obesity /ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti/, sensitivity /ˌsɛn.səˈtɪv.ə.ti/, correspondence /ˌkoɹ.ɪˈspɑn.dəns/, congenital /kənˈdʒɛnɪt(ə)l/, inhibitor /ɪnˈhɪbɪtɚ/
Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:
- Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: stomach /ˈstʌmək/, skinny /ˈskɪni/, trigger /ˈtɹɪɡɚ/, glucose /ˈɡluː.kəʊz/, mutation /mjuˈteɪʃən/
- /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: lateral /ˈlætəɹəl/, appetite /ˈæp.əˌtaɪt/, react /ɹiːˈækt/, contrast /kənˈt(ʃ)ɹæst/, acid /ˈæsɪd/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- 0,75× hızla başlayın, cümle cümle tekrar edin ve kolaylaşınca normal hıza dönün.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; stomach, hungry, mouse gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.