Prática de Shadowing: What was immigration like before ICE? - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo

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So I noticed something interesting on the history page of ICE's website.
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Right here it says, Despite U.S.
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Immigration and Custom Enforcement's relatively young age, its functional history predates the modern birth of the agency by more than 200 years.
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That phrase, functional history, stuck out to me.
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So I decided to do some digging.
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It's functional history.
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They're arguing that there was a functional equivalent, right, to their agency.
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Wow.
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Now, we know that ICE was created by the Homeland Security Act in 2003.
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To defend the United States and protect our citizens against the dangers of a new era.
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So what exactly do they mean by this?
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I reached out to ICE directly, asking for their explanation of this functional history, but they never got back to me.
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That narrative is kind of an effort to make the agency itself seem like it has this deep lineage
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that it simply does not.
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Following breaking news in Minneapolis where city officials confirm a shooting occurred reportedly involving a federal ICE agent.
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It is the second shooting of an American citizen by federal officers in that city in just three weeks.
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The f* did you just do?
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So I decided to do a bit of my own research.
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We're going to take a look at three distinct eras in American history, showing how immigration policy slowly transformed from labor management to law enforcement,
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culminating in the creation of ICE.
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So, on the same page of their site, ICE refers to the remarkable development of the country throughout the 19th and 20th centuries,
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including the essential role of immigration and the evolving laws and regulations.
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Now, in terms of how the US treated immigration enforcement, the 19th and 20th centuries are actually really different from each other.
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One of the remarkable things is that the constitution is actually silent on immigration.
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So for the first century of the republic, Congress plays virtually no role in regulating the arrival,
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admission, exclusion or deportation of foreigners.
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With one notable exception, the Alien and Sedition Act, which authorized the president to deport non-citizens and allowed their arrest and imprisonment during wartime.
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There is a panic in the United States over the potential radical ideas that certain immigrants are bringing to the United States,
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specifically after the French Revolution.
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But real immigration restrictions wouldn't happen for almost another hundred years.
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And that's because until the Civil War resolved the issue of slavery in the US, regulating immigration at the federal level was incredibly difficult.
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The problem throughout the antebellum period is if Congress had muscled in and said,
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we're going to control the arrival of the Irish poor into Boston or New York,
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exactly the same authority could have been used to regulate the arrival of free black people in South Carolina.
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When you have slavery in the picture, it takes a civil war to resolve that conflict between the national and the local level.
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So then in 1882, after the Civil War, Congress passed two foundational laws restricting immigration in the US.
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The Immigration Act allowed the exclusion of certain vulnerable minorities, such as people carrying contagious diseases.
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The same year, in 1882, Congress passes another law, and that's the Chinese Exclusion Act.
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This law discriminates against Chinese people on grounds of race.
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It also discriminates on grounds of class because it's targeting not all Chinese people, but Chinese laborers in particular.
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Now, since immigration isn't in the Constitution, this law was put to the courts.
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And the Supreme Court made a decision that would have ripple effects all the way to the modern day.
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In effect, what the court rules is that power over national borders is
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so fundamental to the definition of any nation that it's extra constitutional.
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It's a matter of national security and geopolitics.
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This pivotal moment is when the US declares it has the right to turn immigrants away based solely on race or ethnicity.
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And in 1891, the first federal immigration agency was established to enforce these laws, the Office of the Superintendent of Immigration.
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And it had a staff of four people.
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The immigrants of old turn their eyes toward America's gateway, Ellis Island.
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It's really hard to overstate just how central Ellis Island was to immigration at this time.
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About two years after the formation of the first agency, the staff had grown to 180 people, and 119 of them were employed at Ellis Island.
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And that's because from 1892 to 1924, 20 million immigrants arrived in the U.S., and 12 million of them came through Ellis Island.
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And almost none of them were turned away.
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In that 40-year period between the 1880s and the 1920s, We would estimate that somewhere between only 1
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and 2% of all European immigrants coming to the United States were excluded on arrival.
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In an era without passports, without visas, without the administrative capacity to really enforce the law beyond a certain point,
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the expectation, as long as you weren't Chinese, coming to the United States is that you would get in.
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And that was only 100 years ago.
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And the greatest war the world had known exploded in Europe.
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After World War I, the United States shifted from welcoming immigrants to restricting them.
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Many Americans feared a wave of displaced European refugees.
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And rising xenophobia intensified concerns that these immigrants would threaten national security and the so-called American way of life.
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These fears culminated in the Immigration Act of 1924.
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Until 1924, American borders were normatively open, and after that they became normatively closed.
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You get a large-scale numerical restriction.
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And this is the start of the third distinct era of US immigration.
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The Immigration Act of 1924 set strict limits on how many immigrants could enter the US from each country.
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US immigration is restricted by law to a selective annual quota from each foreign country.
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The quotas were based on the 1890 US Census, and the goal was to preserve the proportions of each nationality from over 30 years prior,
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which largely restricted immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe.
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And immigrants were excluded from not only China, but all of Asia, as well as Africa.
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Upon signing the law, President Calvin Coolidge said, America must be kept American.
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So that to me is the turning point
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because we totally take it for granted that there is a cap on immigration today.
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And just by accepting that, we are accepting the logic of the restrictionists.
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So in 1933, immigration enforcement was merged with naturalization and became the Immigration and Naturalization Services, or the INS.
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They would remain the immigration agency until 2003.
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And then in 1940, President Franklin D.
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Roosevelt moved the INS from the Department of Labor to the Department of Justice.
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And that's a change that will come to redefine immigration in the US.
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He does that pretty explicitly with the understanding that things are getting dicey in Europe.
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The harvest days of 1939 brought a turn of world events whose effect on US economy no man can yet predict.
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The threat of World War II added to the growing notion of immigration as a national security issue.
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Immigration was no longer just about managing a workforce.
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FDR wrote in his reorganization plan, I am convinced that under existing conditions,
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the immigration and naturalization activities can best contribute to the national well-being only
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if they are closely integrated with the activities of the Department of Justice.
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The INS was now tasked with fingerprinting every immigrant in the US, and organizing internment camps and detention centers for people they considered to be enemy aliens.
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So that is people who do not have citizenship, people whose political backgrounds have put them on the United States' radar.
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During World War II, the INS detained almost 32,000 German, Italian, and Japanese non-U.S citizens, who were also denied lawyers.
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In total, the INS operated as many as 65 incarceration camps in this period.
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We want to take a second to thank our Vox members.
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This video and reporting is only possible because of their financial support.
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And thanks to them, we were able to make this video free for everyone.
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Reporting on sensitive topics like this one takes time, care, and real resources.
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Support from our members gives us the independence to take on difficult stories, and the responsibility to get them right.
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Supporting us on Patreon is how this kind of reporting continues.
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Your membership directly funds the work behind stories like this.
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And if you're not able to support financially right now, you can still follow us on Patreon for free and stay connected to our reporting.
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Now, back to the video.
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Now, there's one region we haven't really discussed so far that's central to this era of change in American immigration.
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Latin America.
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It's important to note that the quota system implemented in the 20s never affected Latin America.
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Agricultural businesses in the Southwest don't want any restriction on the labor supply.
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Latin America is exempted from these laws.
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And that sentiment continued through to World War II, when there was a massive labor shortage in the US.
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The 1942 Bracero program allowed millions of Mexican men to enter the US and work legally on short-term labor contracts.
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Braceros, in Spanish, this means a man who works with his arms and hands.
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The program, a partnership with the Mexican government, guaranteed fair wages for the workers.
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But many employers, especially in Texas, wanted even cheaper labor.
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So while millions of Mexicans entered the country through legal means in the 40s and 50s, hundreds of thousands of undocumented workers also crossed the border illegally and found work.
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And so it's in this time that the immigration debate in the US really focuses on the southern border.
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And in 1954, President Dwight D.
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Eisenhower implemented Operation Wetback, named after a pejorative slur for Mexican immigrants.
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The operation used military tactics to pursue its goals, led by INS head and US Army Lieutenant General Joseph Swain.
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The American Border Patrol struggles against a tense, explosive international problem.
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Along the sprawling California-Mexico border, thousands of Mexican wetbacks or illegal entrants are sneaking into the United States.
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The result was one of the largest deportation efforts in US history.
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The INS completed sweeps of factories and farms, shipping undocumented immigrants back to Mexico in boats, buses, and planes.
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The US later claimed that 1.3 million people were deported.
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So as we get into the 60s and 70s, the immigration service is in kind of a tricky spot.
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At the height of the civil rights movement in the U.S., President Lyndon B.
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Johnson signed the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act.
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The consequential law prioritized family reunification and skills and repealed the longstanding policy of restricting immigration based on race and ethnicity.
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It was also around this time that Americans started focusing more on undocumented immigrants on the interior of the U.S.
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The agency is also moving away from just policing the border.
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There is very much a sort of growing consensus and understanding that undocumented people are living in American communities throughout the U.S.
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The INS is really stretched thin.
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They are trying to do interior enforcement or internal operations, not just work that is near the border.
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The INS's budget in 1975 is $181 million.
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By the time the agency ends in 2003, the budget has eclipsed $6 billion.
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And the INS grew this budget by doubling down on immigration as a national security and criminal justice issue.
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This is an era where there is massive funding and bipartisan support for things like the war on crime, the war on drugs.
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And so the INS began to explicitly rebrand.
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They don't want to be known for naturalization.
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They don't want to be known for, you know, working through asylum hearings.
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What they want to be known for is law enforcement.
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In a statement by the Attorney General under President Ronald Reagan in 1986,
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he refers to the INS as the criminal justice agency charged with the important responsibility for oversight
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and control of aliens attempting to enter or reside within our borders.
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Criminal justice agency.
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Then in 2001, 19 Al-Qaeda terrorists, all non-U.S citizens, used America's temporary immigration system to attack the U.S.
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And immigration became solidified as a matter of national security.
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The Department of Homeland Security was created, merging 22 existing agencies and sub-agencies.
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Under the new DHS, INS and Customs Enforcement were consolidated into ICE.
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This is explicitly a law enforcement body.
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And this is a transition that the agency had desired, I think, for decades preceding.
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So this brings us back to ICE's original claim, that their functional history dates back over 200 years prior to the agency's creation in 2003.
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I think it's interesting, like, the work that Line is doing, right, the work that Line is doing is to try to push back to people who say, this is only a 20-something-year-old agency, right?
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They want to suggest that it's foundational to the United States, that it is not alarming, that we've had an agency like this.
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And in some ways we've had an agency that takes on some of these responsibilities.
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But immigration being an arm of law enforcement is a much more recent phenomenon.
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And when people think of ICE today, that's what they think of.
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This is a way kind of legitimizing ICE, that somehow we've always had ICE.
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We have had deportation campaigns.
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We have had, throughout American history, anti-immigrant sentiment and legislation and deportations.
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But we always haven't had masked ICE agents going into the interior of the United States with guns and breaking down doors,
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sending immigrants who are captured to third countries.
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I think it's gradual.
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I think the story of immigration law is really a story about sort of compounding restrictions on who can come.
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American immigration has long been deeply tied to race and origin, whether that was Chinese laborers or World War II alien enemies.
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Today, with a much more powerful agency like ICE, Latino communities have been challenged with the most punitive impacts.
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We're going to have to have a deportation level
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that we haven't seen in this country for a long time since Dwight Eisenhower actually...
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To that extent, there probably will be some, I mean, ICE-like, it may not be called ICE,
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there will be some kind of institutions that are programs to curtail some immigration.
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The question is, will we see this kind of enforcement in the interior,
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this kind of illegal enforcement without judicial warrants going into people's houses and arresting them?
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The United States is, and always will be, a nation of immigrants.
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And with that, attention over immigration is partially fundamental to this country's DNA.
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ICE is the culmination of centuries of shifting immigration rhetoric and enforcement.
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But at the same time, it's so important to remember that immigration enforcement is not written into the Constitution.
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Of course, as a historian, I will find certain precedents.
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Then one could conclude from that one of two things.
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One is, oh my god, it's always been terrible.
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Or you could say, well, all of these things have been fought, many of these things have been fought over before.
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The rights that were won for Americans in the past are vulnerable.
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They have to, we have to fight to retain them.
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Christian Poss on how social media algorithms are shaping coverage of ICE, a video with senior correspondent Constance Grady that digs into ICE's recruitment ads,
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and a recent episode of The Docket where we break down Trump's war on birthright citizenship.
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So join us on Patreon to get access to more stories like this, stay connected to our reporting, and help fund ambitious journalism.
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Thanks.

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Sobre Esta Lição

Nesta lição, você praticará a fala em inglês enquanto explora a história da imigração nos Estados Unidos antes da criação do ICE (Serviço de Imigração e Alfândega dos EUA). Através de um vídeo informativo, você irá aprender como as políticas de imigração evoluíram ao longo do tempo, destacando as transformações de uma abordagem voltada para a gestão do trabalho para uma focada na aplicação da lei. Esta prática de conversação em inglês será útil para expandir seu vocabulário e compreensão sobre um tema relevante na história americana.

Vocabulário e Frases-Chave

  • Functional history - História funcional
  • Immigration policy - Política de imigração
  • Exclusion Act - Lei de exclusão
  • Contagious diseases - Doenças contagiosas
  • National security - Segurança nacional
  • Labor management - Gestão do trabalho
  • Radical ideas - Ideias radicais

Dicas de Prática

Para maximizar seu aprendizado ao assistir ao vídeo, experimente a técnica de shadowing em inglês. Isso envolve ouvir e repetir as falas imediatamente após ouvi-las. O vídeo apresenta um ritmo moderado e uma entonação clara, o que facilita a sua prática. Tente prestar atenção nas inflexões e no estresse das palavras enquanto você se exercita. Além disso, você pode usar um shadowing site para encontrar trechos específicos que deseja praticar mais. A prática constante ajudará você a melhorar sua pronúncia e fluência, facilitando seu aprendizado de inglês com YouTube.

Gramática neste vídeo

As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:

EstruturaNo vídeo
Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agorahave put · haven't really discussed · has eclipsed
Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem fazwas created · was put · was established
Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisapeople who do · man who works · people who say

O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?

Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.

Técnica de shadowing: leia o guia completo passo a passo →