Практика Shadowing: Humanity’s Real Plan to Stop This Asteroid (Feat. Mark Rober) - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео

Look at this.

This real asteroid is the size of a building and it's on a collision course for Earth.

But can you find it?

No one else did either.

At 9 a.m on February 15th, 2013, it's a normal morning in Chelyabinsk, Russia, when suddenly people see something bright in the sky.

Some even feel the air get hotter hotter.

Above them, that building-sized rock hits our atmosphere going 67,000 kilometers per hour and 23 kilometers up it explodes.

People come to their windows to see what happened but 90 seconds later the shockwave hits.

Within four days, debris from that blast circles our entire planet and the scariest part is no one saw it coming.

Scientists had no idea this was coming and it could have been What if that rock had been bigger?

Imagine it's 2034 and a rock the size of a mountain, somewhere far off in our solar system, is on a direct impact course for us.

How would we know?

And what could we actually do about it?

In this video, we'll play out a fictional asteroid headed for Earth with some help from my friend

and former NASA engineer Mark Rober and rare access into a remote facility where they discover new asteroids.

Oh, look at that.

What do you got?

Is that real?

To show you all of the amazing, real science and tech that we would use to defend our planet if an asteroid is about to hit Earth.

So in order to make sure that you know what's real versus what's our fictional asteroid crisis, I asked Mark Rober to voice the fiction sections.

And it turned out so fun.

Let's go.

It's 3am on June 1st, 2034.

Scientists inside Catalina Sky Survey in Arizona have been awake all night, hunting for asteroids.

Their telescope is taking time-lapse pictures of the night sky in a grid like this.

Each spot of the sky is photographed four times, moments apart.

And that lets them find moving asteroids against the stable stars in the background.

Oh boy, I'm already nervous, Cleo.

You got this.

It's slow work and they're tired.

But new photos just came in.

Wait.

That can't get right.

That looks like a new fast moving point of light against the sky.

Is that what I think it is?

Yes.

Right now, we're at the real Catalina Sky Survey

because they've invited us to spend the night with them while they hunt for real asteroids.

Since the 1990s, this place and places like it around the world have scanned the sky while we're all asleep, hunting for dangerous objects that might hit us.

Together, these ground-based observatories have detected the majority of the near-Earth asteroids that we know about.

Over 39,000 so far.

We don't think about it very often, but our planet is in a constant, high-stakes dodgeball game.

And we can't dodge.

So our only hope is to identify asteroids long enough in advance to do something about it.

We're the only species to ever have a hope of doing that for anyone else when an asteroid comes.

The asteroid that killed the dinosaurs was wider than Mount Everest is tall.

But what I didn't realize is that asteroid, it wasn't that big.

At least not compared to other asteroids that have actually hit Earth before.

Imagine hunks of rock or metal, all different shapes, up to about the size of a 10-story building.

There are likely millions of these flying around closer to us than Mars, and they hit us all the time.

But our atmosphere protects us.

These small asteroids almost always burn up long before they reach us on the ground.

But asteroids get bigger.

From the size of a building to about two city blocks, there are likely hundreds of thousands of asteroids this size near us.

On June 30th, 1908, a rock 50 meters across grazed our atmosphere over Siberia.

It never even hit the ground, but just the shockwave flattened 80 million trees.

And if it had hit, well, an asteroid impact is worse than you might think.

Most people imagine an asteroid hitting Earth like a bullet hitting a wall.

But an asteroid is not like that.

An asteroid is almost always going so fast that when it hits,

much of it immediately turns from a solid into a superheated gas that explodes outward.

And the energy of that explosion is insane.

A 50-meter asteroid would release the energy equivalent of around 500 nuclear bombs.

That's why this size is called a city killer.

But they get bigger.

Anything this size would wipe out a whole country.

And anything bigger than that, all life on Earth would change forever.

That rock that hit the dinosaurs caused mega tsunamis, a thermal pulse of heat and fire, dust and ash that blocked out the sun for a decade or more.

But that's nowhere close to the largest rock that has ever hit Earth.

1.8 billion years ago, a rock nearly 15 kilometers wide slammed into what's now Canada.

And 170 million years before that, the largest asteroid that we have evidence of ever hitting Earth,

20 kilometers wide, struck what is now South Africa.

If you'd been on the ground and looked up, an asteroid that size would look something like this.

And even bigger than that, it's theorized that an object the size of Mars hit Earth about 4.5 billion years ago.

And that's how our moon was formed.

But something I found interesting when talking to experts about this is that not all asteroids hit our planet the same.

An asteroid made of ice and rocky debris might hit our atmosphere and break apart, burning up on entry,

while a dense metal asteroid of the same size could pierce straight through and maybe do more serious damage.

But the good news is that based on our rate of discovery and computer models of our early solar system,

astronomers say that we've already found about 95 to 98% of the really big asteroids, the ones about a kilometer wide or more.

As of today, there are exactly 877 of them.

And scientists track them very closely.

And luckily, none of them are on track to hit us.

But those city and country killers.

For the country killers, they think we've only found 42 to 47 percent of them.

And for the city killers, the number is much, much less.

And we're much less certain about that percentage.

That is the biggest hole in Earth's defenses right now.

And that is what people all around the world are staying up all night trying to fix.

And I'm about to become one of them.

So we just opened the doors to the telescope.

We're now all set to start the observation run.

We just have to wait until it gets darker and then we can start hunting asteroids.

They told us that based on the weather, we might find a brand new asteroid tonight.

So I have my fingers crossed.

As we waited for the sun to go down, I found out something that made me very excited.

If you find a new asteroid, you get to put your name on it.

And I really, really want to do that.

100

But it turns out finding a new asteroid is way harder than I thought.

101

So this is a map of the night sky that shows the coverage from this telescope over about the last two weeks.

102

We'll cover the entire night sky about twice a month.

103

The telescope takes pictures of 12 spots of sky at a time, each four times in a cycle.

104

So the four images of each spot are brief moments apart, and then an automated system analyzes each set and shows the observer just the maybe options.

105

The vast majority of those are still no's.

106

So you see the N key's a little worn down on the keyboard.

107

That's the key we hit the most.

108

Okay, here I go.

109

Not real.

110

Not real.

111

Nope.

112

Nope.

113

Nope.

114

Nope.

115

Nope.

116

Definitely nope.

117

This went on for hours.

118

David and I took turns, and I really wanted to stay awake.

119

So I did a ton of push-ups, and I drank a ton of coffee.

120

And when I was at the observatory, I drank whatever coffee they had.

121

But when I'm at home and I can choose, this is the really good stuff.

122

It's from Cometeer.

123

And the reason why I love it so much is because it's delicious.

124

I genuinely drink their coffee all the time, and because it's genuinely cool technology.

125

Even if you buy great coffee beans, it's hard to make a great coffee at home, and that's why I've been using Cometeer.

126

This is the first coffee that's brewed to perfection and then flash-frozen at peak freshness, which makes a big difference when it comes to taste.

127

So Cometeer goes out and they find the best beans from roasters around the world, like Intelligentsia and Onyx, and then they brew the coffee at 10 times the strength of a normal cup

128

and they flash-freeze it into a capsule like this.

129

I can just take that capsule and without a machine, you can just pop it out like this using the eject button.

130

And then you can make it hot or iced or an iced latte.

131

Boom!

132

The perfect cup every single time and it took less than a minute.

133

Plus it's got twice the flavor and caffeine of a regular cup.

134

Perfection.

135

Right now this one is my favorite flavor, but you should try it out and comment yours.

136

So if you're sitting here and you're thinking, man I would love a good cup of coffee, try Cometeer.

137

I think you'll like it.

138

And if you haven't tried Cometeer, you can get $20 off your discovery box, featuring eight unique coffees curated by world barista champ James Hoffman,

139

by visiting cometeer.com slash Clio or visiting the link in my description.

140

But back at the observatory, it was hard to stay awake.

141

And at a certain point, I found myself wondering, why is it that you need to be physically here, as opposed to, you have this amazing software,

142

it detects these images, you come in tomorrow morning and you say, that's real, that's not real, that's real, that's not real.

143

The turnaround time on the data is critical.

144

Because those four images, they only show a tiny little piece of an asteroid's path.

145

So if you waited until the morning, you'd probably lose it.

146

If you don't continue to track that object and publish it immediately, it literally can get lost.

147

So when you find something, you immediately send it to what's called the Minor Planet Center to check if someone else has already found it.

148

And if it's a new object, other telescopes around the world lock onto its position to help build out its orbital path for the foreseeable future.

149

This is all public.

150

Anybody with a telescope can help.

151

We'd all need to help if anyone found anything big enough.

152

The observers are still staring at that moving speck of light.

153

Something that bright is likely an object we know about already.

154

So they report it to the Miner Planet Center.

155

And normally, they'd be hoping to make a new discovery.

156

But today, they're just hoping their suspicion is wrong.

157

And as soon as the report comes back, the whole team goes silent.

158

No one's ever seen this thing before.

159

It's a new asteroid.

160

And it's big.

161

Cleo, you're making me narrate the end of our species.

162

Astronomers around the world spring into action.

163

They need to know how big, and what it's made of.

164

And most importantly, will it hit us?

165

How will they know what it's made of from their telescopes?

166

You're about to find out.

167

Cleo, you've thought of everything.

168

Breaking news.

169

Reports of a new asteroid.

170

Concerning news emerging.

171

The new asteroid gets its official name, 2034 LV-1.

172

But as news spread, astronomers nicknamed it Soteria, after the Greek goddess of safety.

173

It's a bad joke.

174

Data is now beginning to stream in from around the world, and it's not good.

175

Soteria isn't just big, it's really big.

176

The observatories shoot radio waves at it and time how long it takes the echoes to return, measuring its size and shape with high precision.

177

It's 400 meters across.

178

A country killer.

179

And what's worse, it's dense.

180

Every mineral and metal reflects light in its own pattern, so scientists analyze the light bouncing off Soteri like a fingerprint.

181

And it turns out, it's made of nickel and iron.

182

And it's fast.

183

By carefully mapping its position in the sky, they see it's racing through space at roughly 75,000 kilometers per hour relative to Earth.

184

Why didn't we see it before?

185

Scientists check back in all Earth records.

186

Turns out, it was too close to the sun.

187

Whenever it was observable, it was in the daytime sky.

188

The only question that really matters now is will it hit us?

189

Analysts put all the tracking data into the world's most powerful computers

190

and solved for Soteria's trajectory around the sun compared to ours.

191

At first, the odds of impact are 2%.

192

It's already huge by astronomical standards.

193

But as more and more data comes in, that impact probability climbs higher and higher,

194

until we know there's nearly 90% chance Soteria will hit us when it comes back around in October 2041.

195

But all this learning takes time.

196

Months have gone by.

197

Now it's already 2035.

198

And now we know the question isn't if Soteria will hit us, it's what can we do about it.

199

With an impact date of 2041, we have six years warning.

200

Six years to do something.

201

So let's pretend this is your 400 meter wide object.

202

There it is, that's my object.

203

That's your object.

204

So it's coming in, and what you'll notice is that it has an orbit that intersects the Earth's orbit very closely.

205

You might think you have to do this dramatic thing to move this asteroid out of the way, but you don't.

206

So what's the real plan?

207

If an asteroid that big actually were coming for Earth, what do we do?

208

Well, in 2013, the United Nations created two groups for exactly this situation.

209

One, to gather information from astronomers around the world and share it with governments.

210

And the other, to bring the space agencies together to make a plan.

211

Imagine being in that meeting.

212

Here are your real options.

213

Option one, you do nothing.

214

That doesn't seem like a great plan, but there is still a chance that it misses us.

215

Option two, you smash a spacecraft into the asteroid to change its path just enough so so that it misses Earth.

216

That might sound like science fiction, but we've actually done this in real life. In 2022,

217

NASA deliberately slammed a spacecraft the size of a vending machine into an asteroid the size of a few city blocks.

218

It was called the DART mission.

219

The asteroid wasn't headed for Earth, it was just a test.

220

DART hit the asteroid at 22,000 kilometers per hour, and it worked.

221

In fact, it was way more successful than they expected.

222

NASA's goal was to change the asteroid's path by 73 seconds.

223

And instead, they ended up changing it by 32 minutes.

224

25 times more effective.

225

And Dart was small, but there are already blueprints for a bigger mission, like HAMMER.

226

HAMMER would be modular, multiple parts stacked together like Legos.

227

And altogether, it would be much, much more massive than Dart.

228

Basically a big space battering ram for defending Earth.

229

But the downside of this option is it only works if you have enough warning.

230

You need years to build and launch the spacecraft

231

and hit the asteroid and let that tiny little nudge add up into a mess.

232

So you might want to also consider option three.

233

You nuke the asteroid, but not to explode it like in a movie, because that might actually create a bunch of dangerous fragments that would get pulled back together by gravity and hit us anyway.

234

Instead, the idea is that you nuke an asteroid just on one side to vaporize part of its surface, turning that asteroid into a rocket.

235

My understanding of this is that you basically set one side of it on fire and it makes itself into a rocket.

236

Is that right?

237

And you know what?

238

We see that naturally with comets.

239

So comets, when they're in orbit around the sun, as they come in close and the ices start to off gas, those jets can push the comets in weird ways, which is kind of cool.

240

So we see that naturally.

241

But we have never tried this with an asteroid.

242

And now the ideas are getting a little bit less serious.

243

Like there's an idea of an ion beam deflector where basically a spacecraft moves alongside the asteroid

244

and shoots charged particles at it to get it to change its path.

245

Or a cosmic bullet where we place long, sharp rods of tungsten in the path of the asteroid.

246

And when it hits them, the rods penetrate and break the asteroid apart.

247

Or a gravity tractor, which is like a really big spacecraft that tries to move the asteroid with its own gravity.

248

I feel like that probably wouldn't be the best option on such a short time frame.

249

You're gonna be, I think you're gonna need to be a little more dramatic about your approach.

250

After weeks of debate, the space agencies in the world announce that they've chosen option two.

251

Smash it.

252

Here's the plan.

253

The whole world will work together to build and launch two enormous kinetic impactor spacecraft.

254

If one doesn't work, the second can get it done.

255

If both work, even better.

256

The goal is to just slightly speed up or slow down Sotir's orbit by just a few millimeters per second,

257

which over the years would cause it to arrive at the impact point either too early or too late, and Earth just wouldn't be there.

258

This is the highest stakes most complicated mission humanity has ever done

259

and everyone has to do their part NASA

260

and SpaceX build one launch vehicle and kinetic impactor while Roscosmos

261

and CNSA build the other ESA builds the observer spacecraft to accompany both

262

JAXA and ISRO each send spacecraft ahead to sample the asteroid and confirm the math

263

After almost two years of the world pulling together for this mission in May 2037 mission Soteria is ready One.

264

And lift off.

265

It'll take five months to reach the asteroid.

266

The world holds their breath as the ships begin their journey.

267

Back on Earth, I'm still hunting for new asteroids.

268

But it's getting later and later and I'm losing hope that we're going to find anything.

269

And then, all of a sudden...

270

So this score's pretty good.

271

Let's see.

272

Oh, look at that.

273

What do you got?

274

Is that real?

275

That was real, yeah.

276

What did you get?

277

So now the next step, okay, is to determine if this is a new object, okay?

278

Don't get too excited because it might not be new.

279

So hit the U key.

280

So we reported what we found to the Minor Planet Center.

281

Oh my god, this is expensive skilling.

282

This is a very stressful job.

283

How big do we get that asteroid?

284

Based on its speed and where in the sky we found it, which is already getting lit up pretty well, I'm just going to ballpark it at maybe 50 meters. So.

285

I'll take 50 meters?

286

That's a dangerous asteroid.

287

That's a dangerous friggin' asteroid.

288

That's the Avengers Asteroid, yeah.

289

When the check is finished, they'll email us and they'll say, this was new, this was not new, and if it was new, they're gonna publish it immediately for everyone in the world to see.

290

We can check this page and see if it posted.

291

Ohhhhh!

292

There it is!

293

Yep.

294

Zero hours ago.

295

That's our asteroid!

296

Yep.

297

And, uh, my size estimate was not too bad.

298

It's 56 meters wide.

299

Wow!

300

Yep, 56.

301

That's not a bad guess.

302

This is a brand new asteroid and you were literally the first person in the world to see it. So.

303

That's really, really cool.

304

Thank you for setting us up to do that.

305

Yeah, no problem.

306

And your name's on it.

307

I still cannot believe that we actually found a new asteroid.

308

That is the coolest thing!

309

As of right now, our little huge if true asteroid is right here.

310

You can go look it up.

311

I'll put the link in my description.

312

You can see where it's gonna go.

313

And luckily, it looks like it'll never hit Earth.

314

But what about Soteria?

315

On October 20, 2037, billions of people watch with a few minutes delay as our impactors hurdle towards Soteria.

316

Will it hit?

317

And can it change the asteroid's path to save us?

318

Three, two, one.

319

A direct hit!

320

Telescopes record a bright flash and a cloud bursting off Soteria's surface.

321

Calculations show the impact change Soteria's orbital period around the sun by a few minutes.

322

A tiny change.

323

But that's all we need.

324

Scientists now believe Soteria will miss Earth.

325

I actually have chills.

326

Yeah!

327

I actually have chills.

328

This is real chills.

329

We're gonna live.

330

I love this planet.

331

In 2041, four years after our spacecraft smashed into it,

332

Soteria whizzes past our planet and everyone on Earth celebrates that day.

333

Soteria is just imaginary, but the science and the human effort here are very, very real.

334

I just stayed up all night with the real researchers who are dedicating their lives to protecting us.

335

I'm exhausted, and they do this all the time.

336

We are one of millions of species to roam our planet, but we are the only ones that can use science and technology to defend us all,

337

and all of the rest of life on Earth from space.

338

We are not helpless, not even in the face of an enormous asteroid.

339

I know it might be hard to see sometimes, but there are people all around the world working together to protect us all,

340

so that if the day ever comes, we'll be ready.

341

So if you believe that there should be more optimistic science and tech stories, subscribe to support our show.

342

And if surviving an asteroid wasn't enough, go watch me and Mark Rober and Johnny Harris survive an escape from Alcatraz in Mark's new video.

343

Huge if true.

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Лексика и советы по произношению к этому уроку

Этот урок разговорной практики уровня B2 построен на видео «Humanity’s Real Plan to Stop This Asteroid». В этом видео 343 предложений и 3751 слов для шедоуинга. Речь длится 21:39. Говорящий говорит в естественном темпе, около 173 слов в минуту, близком к повседневной речи. 83% слов входят в 3000 самых частых слов английского языка; остальные стоит разобрать перед занятием.

Ключевая лексика этого видео

Самые сложные слова из видео (15), с произношением и значением:

Слово	Произношение	Значение
asteroid существительное	/ˈæst(ə)ɹɔɪd/	астеро́ид, ма́лая плане́та
spacecraft существительное	/ˈspeɪsˌkɹæft/	косми́ческий аппара́т
telescope существительное	/ˈtɛl.əˌskoʊp/	телеско́п
meter существительное	/ˈmitəɹ/	счётчик, измери́тель
astronomer существительное	/əˈstɹɒn.ə.mə/	астроно́м
observatory существительное	/əbˈzɜːvət(ə)ɹi/	обсервато́рия
orbit существительное	/ˈɔɹ.bɪt/	орби́та
comet существительное	/ˈkɒmɪt/	коме́та
explode глагол	/ɪkˈsploʊd/	взрыва́ться, взорва́ться
observer существительное	/əbˈzɝvɚ/	наблюда́тель, наблюда́тельница
smash глагол	/smæʃ/	громи́ть, разгроми́ть
awake глагол	/əˈweɪk/	просыпа́ться, просну́ться
kinetic прилагательное	/kɪˈnɛtɪk/	кинети́ческий
orbital прилагательное	/ɔɹ.bət.l̩/	орбита́льный
brew глагол	/bɹuː/	зава́ривать, завари́ть

Фразовые глаголы, которые вы услышите

Слово	Значение
turn out глагол	ока́зываться, оказа́ться
come back глагол	возвраща́ться, возврати́ться
find out глагол	узнава́ть, узна́ть
stay up глагол	бо́дрствовать
end up глагол	зака́нчиваться, зако́нчиться
get off глагол	спуска́ться, спусти́ться
go down глагол	спуска́ться, спусти́ться
go out глагол	выходи́ть, вы́йти

Фразы, которые стоит повторять

Короткие законченные фразы из видео, которые пригодятся в повседневном разговоре:

How would we know?
What do you got?
Is that what I think it is?
Why didn't we see it before?
How big do we get that asteroid?

Грамматика в этом видео

Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:

Конструкция	В видео
Условные предложения if + предложение, will/would + глагол — условие и его результат	if you waited until the morning, you'd probably · if the day ever comes, we'll be
Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас	have been · they've invited · have scanned
Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает	is photographed · is called · was formed
Придаточные определительные who / which + предложение — уточнение о человеке или предмете	freshness, which makes · ways, which is · tractor, which is

Произношение, на которое стоит обратить внимание

Говорящий использует 69 сокращённых и редуцированных форм, например I'm, we're, you're. Произносите их коротко, так, как слышите.

Звуки «th»: thermal /ˈθɜːməl/, altogether /ɔl.tuˈɡɛð.ɚ/, mathematics /mæθ(.ə)ˈmæt.ɪks/
Звуки «sh» и «zh»: smash /smæʃ/, fictional /ˈfɪkʃənəl/, perfection /pɚˈfɛk.ʃən/, publish /ˈpʌblɪʃ/, calculation /ˌkælkjuˈleɪʃn̩/
Длинные слова — следите за ударением: astronomer /əˈstɹɒn.ə.mə/, observatory /əbˈzɜːvət(ə)ɹi/, genuinely /ˈd͡ʒɛn.ju.ɪn.li/, astronomical /ˌæs.tɹəˈnɑm.ɪ.kəl/, trajectory /tɹəˈd͡ʒɛktəɹi/

Как заниматься с этим видео

Прослушайте всё видео один раз молча и выпишите незнакомые слова.
Начните со скорости 0,75×, повторяйте предложение за предложением и вернитесь к обычной скорости, когда станет легко.
Запишите себя и сравните с оригиналом, обращая внимание на такие слова, как asteroid, spacecraft, telescope.

Что такое техника Shadowing?

Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.

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Как заниматься с этим видео

Что такое техника Shadowing?