Shadowing Practice: Should social media platforms censor hate speech? | Nadine Strossen | Big Think - Learn English Speaking with Video
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social media platforms present the same issues that we have been grappling with with respect to older media but throughout human history every time a
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new medium of communication comes along many people including many government officials become very exercised about the new power and the allegedly new
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harms that are posed so we went through this when radio was invented when the telephone was invented when television was invented when the world wide web
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came to people's attention and in fact I have read that when the printing press was invented and when papyrus was invented there were similar eruptions of
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fear about this great new power to distribute information and the harm that can be done through information and disinformation so I think it's really
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important for us to have historic humility and not see what we're what we're going through now is inherently different and more dangerous than the
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past and I think that the same fundamental principles that have applied to other media should apply to social media as well first of all as private
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sector entities social media companies have absolutely no legal obligation to respect First Amendment rights free speech rights for anybody else so just
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as I have no right to participate in your wonderful film and I have no right to have an op-ed in the New York Times I have no right to have my post displayed
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on Facebook or Twitter and so forth moreover those companies have their own First Amendment rights to make their own editorial decisions about what
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expression they are going to allow on their platform and what they're not going to allow is somebody who defend free speech right for media company so along with other companies would oppose government
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restriction on the ability of these companies to decide what they will air and what they will not air however I will raise my voice to urge these
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companies to adhere as closely as as feasible to the same basic standards that are reflected in the First Amendment because I think that for all
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of the potential damage that can be done by various kinds of online communications including disinformation and so-called fake news and political
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ads and so forth that far more harm is done when we empower these largely unaccountable private sector you know really powerful entities to pick and
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choose what expression is going to be aired and what will not be aired and that danger is especially great when we are talking about political speech the
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Supreme Court has consistently said throughout history of all expression that is important in our system of government by far the most important is
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speech about public affairs speech about politics We the People to quote the opening words of our Constitution we wield sovereign power but how can we do
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that responsibly or effectively if we do not have access full access to information about those who are running for office those who are seeking our
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votes those who are making public policy decisions most of the time when people advocate censorship beyond the emergency situation in which First Amendment law
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allows speech to be censored most of the part-time people talk about the harm that speech can cause whether it be dissin formation / fake news or whether
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it be hate speech or whether it be terrorist content and I agree speech have an enormous capacity to do harm as well as an enormous capacity to do good
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we protect it precisely because it is so powerful but the argument 99.9 percent of the time starts and ends with the potential harm of free speech those who
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advocate censorship never examine whether censorship is going to be effective in addressing redressing reducing the harm they never address
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whether censorship to the contrary is going to do more harm than good and every situation that I'm aware of censorship actually ends up being
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ineffective in addressing the harms at stake at best or counterproductive at worse so disinformation well are we going to
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say that empowering mark zuckerberg and the other Titans of Silicon Valley to decide that certain speech is untrue is that actually going to solve our
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political problems I think to the contrary that is as threatening to democracy as it is to individual freedom likewise with respect to so-called hate
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speech that conveys discriminatory ideas against traditionally marginalized or excluded groups every hate speech law around the world to this day is
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disproportional and Forrest consistently against the very minority groups who are hoped to be protected and we shouldn't be surprised at that once you have these
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discretionary standards what is hate speech what is disinformation no two individuals can agree on such inherently subjective concepts and so by definition those who wield power are going to wield
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their discretion in ways that predictably are going to perpetuate their power and not empower those who have traditionally been silenced or
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marginalized
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Bu dersin kelimeleri ve konuşma notları
Bu C1 seviyesindeki konuşma dersi “Should social media platforms censor hate speech?” videosuna dayanıyor. En çok tekrarlanan kelimeler: speech, harm, censorship, invented, companies. Bu videoda gölgeleme çalışması için 33 cümle ve 833 kelime var. Konuşma bölümü 6:39 sürüyor. Konuşmacı dakikada yaklaşık 125 kelimelik dengeli bir hızla konuşuyor; gölgeleme için rahat bir tempo. Kelimelerin %85’i İngilizcede en sık kullanılan 3.000 kelime arasında; geri kalanına başlamadan önce bakmakta fayda var.
Bu videodaki önemli kelimeler
Videodaki en ileri düzey 15 kelime, telaffuzu ve anlamıyla:
| Kelime | Telaffuz | Anlam |
|---|---|---|
| invent fiil | /ɪnˈvɛnt/ | icat etmek |
| censorship isim | /ˈsɛnsɚʃɪp/ | sansür, sıkı denetim |
| disinformation isim | /ˌdɪsɪnfəˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/ | dezenformasyon |
| papyrus isim | /pəˈpaɪɹəs/ | papirüs |
| perpetuate fiil | /pɚˈpɛt͡ʃəˌweɪt/ | ölümsüzleştirmek |
| untrue sıfat | /ʌnˈtɹuː/ | asılsız |
| eruption isim | /ɪˈɹʌpʃən/ | patlama |
| humility isim | /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/ | tevazu |
| feasible sıfat | /ˈfiː.zɪ.bəl/ | kılgın, mümkün |
| restriction isim | /ɹɪˈstɹɪkʃən/ | kısıtlama, sınırlama |
| subjective sıfat | /səbˈd͡ʒɛktɪv/ | öznel |
| distribute fiil | /dɪˈstɹɪbjuːt/ | dağıtmak, paylaştırmak |
| convey fiil | /kənˈveɪ/ | aktarmak |
| threaten fiil | /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/ | gözünü korkutmak, tehdit etmek |
| sovereign isim | /ˈsɑv(ə)ɹɪn/ | kral |
Bu videodaki dil bilgisi
Konuşmacının en çok kullandığı yapılar, videodaki sözcüklerin aynısıyla:
| Yapı | Videoda |
|---|---|
| Edilgen yapı be + fiilin üçüncü hâli — kimin yaptığı değil, ne olduğu önemli | are posed · was invented · can be done |
| İlgi cümlecikleri who / which + cümle — bir kişi ya da şey hakkında ek bilgi | somebody who defend · those who are · those who wield |
| Present perfect have/has + fiilin üçüncü hâli — geçmişte olan ama şimdi de önemli olan bir eylem | have read · have applied |
Dikkat edilecek telaffuzlar
Konuşmacı we're, I'm, shouldn't gibi kısaltılmış biçimleri 5 kez kullanıyor. Bunları duyduğunuz gibi kısa söyleyin.
- “sh” ve “zh” sesleri: censorship /ˈsɛnsɚʃɪp/, disinformation /ˌdɪsɪnfəˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/, discretionary /dɪsˈkɹɛʃəˌnɛɹi/, disproportional [dɪspɹəˈpɔːʃənəɫ]
- Uzun kelimeler — vurguyu doğru yere koyun: disinformation /ˌdɪsɪnfəˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/, marginalize /ˈmɑɹdʒɪnəlaɪz/, inherently /ɪnˈhɛɹəntli/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/, counterproductive /ˌkaʊntəpɹəˈdʌktɪv/
Türkçe konuşanların zorlandığı sesler:
- /w/ — dudaklar yuvarlak, /v/ değil: wield /wiːld/, perpetuate /pɚˈpɛt͡ʃəˌweɪt/, likewise /ˈlaɪkˌwaɪz/
- Kelime başındaki ünsüz kümesi — araya ünlü eklemeyin: traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/, grapple /ˈɡɹæpəl/, predictably /pɹəˈdɪk.tə.bli/, humility /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/, threaten /ˈθɹɛt.n̩/
- /æ/ — “e”den daha açık: grapple /ˈɡɹæpəl/, adhere /ædˈhɪə/
Bu videoyla nasıl çalışılır
- Videonun tamamını konuşmadan bir kez dinleyin ve bilmediğiniz kelimeleri not edin.
- Normal hızda cümle cümle tekrar edin; ritminiz konuşmacıyla aynı olana kadar her cümleyi yineleyin.
- Kendinizi kaydedin ve orijinaliyle karşılaştırın; invent, censorship, disinformation gibi kelimelere özellikle dikkat edin.
Gölgeleme Tekniği Nedir?
Gölgeleme, başlangıçta profesyonel tercüman eğitimi için geliştirilen ve çok dilli Dr. Alexander Arguelles tarafından popüler hale getirilen, bilim destekli bir dil öğrenme tekniğidir. Yöntem basit ama güçlüdür: ana dili İngilizce olan bir sesi dinler ve hemen yüksek sesle tekrar edersiniz — konuşmacıyı 1-2 saniye gecikmeyle takip eden bir gölge gibi. Pasif dinleme veya dilbilgisi alıştırmalarının aksine, gölgeleme beyninizi ve ağız kaslarınızı gerçek konuşma kalıplarını eşzamanlı olarak işlemeye ve yeniden üretmeye zorlar. Araştırmalar, telaffuz doğruluğu, tonlama, ritim, bağlı konuşma, dinleme anlama ve konuşma akıcılığını önemli ölçüde geliştirdiğini göstermektedir — bu da onu IELTS Konuşma hazırlığı ve gerçek dünya İngilizce iletişimi için en etkili yöntemlerden biri yapar.