Pratique du Shadowing: Should social media platforms censor hate speech? | Nadine Strossen | Big Think - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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social media platforms present the same issues that we have been grappling with with respect to older media but throughout human history every time a
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new medium of communication comes along many people including many government officials become very exercised about the new power and the allegedly new
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harms that are posed so we went through this when radio was invented when the telephone was invented when television was invented when the world wide web
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came to people's attention and in fact I have read that when the printing press was invented and when papyrus was invented there were similar eruptions of
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fear about this great new power to distribute information and the harm that can be done through information and disinformation so I think it's really
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important for us to have historic humility and not see what we're what we're going through now is inherently different and more dangerous than the
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past and I think that the same fundamental principles that have applied to other media should apply to social media as well first of all as private
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sector entities social media companies have absolutely no legal obligation to respect First Amendment rights free speech rights for anybody else so just
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as I have no right to participate in your wonderful film and I have no right to have an op-ed in the New York Times I have no right to have my post displayed
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on Facebook or Twitter and so forth moreover those companies have their own First Amendment rights to make their own editorial decisions about what
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expression they are going to allow on their platform and what they're not going to allow is somebody who defend free speech right for media company so along with other companies would oppose government
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restriction on the ability of these companies to decide what they will air and what they will not air however I will raise my voice to urge these
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companies to adhere as closely as as feasible to the same basic standards that are reflected in the First Amendment because I think that for all
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of the potential damage that can be done by various kinds of online communications including disinformation and so-called fake news and political
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ads and so forth that far more harm is done when we empower these largely unaccountable private sector you know really powerful entities to pick and
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choose what expression is going to be aired and what will not be aired and that danger is especially great when we are talking about political speech the
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Supreme Court has consistently said throughout history of all expression that is important in our system of government by far the most important is
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speech about public affairs speech about politics We the People to quote the opening words of our Constitution we wield sovereign power but how can we do
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that responsibly or effectively if we do not have access full access to information about those who are running for office those who are seeking our
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votes those who are making public policy decisions most of the time when people advocate censorship beyond the emergency situation in which First Amendment law
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allows speech to be censored most of the part-time people talk about the harm that speech can cause whether it be dissin formation / fake news or whether
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it be hate speech or whether it be terrorist content and I agree speech have an enormous capacity to do harm as well as an enormous capacity to do good
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we protect it precisely because it is so powerful but the argument 99.9 percent of the time starts and ends with the potential harm of free speech those who
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advocate censorship never examine whether censorship is going to be effective in addressing redressing reducing the harm they never address
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whether censorship to the contrary is going to do more harm than good and every situation that I'm aware of censorship actually ends up being
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ineffective in addressing the harms at stake at best or counterproductive at worse so disinformation well are we going to
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say that empowering mark zuckerberg and the other Titans of Silicon Valley to decide that certain speech is untrue is that actually going to solve our
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political problems I think to the contrary that is as threatening to democracy as it is to individual freedom likewise with respect to so-called hate
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speech that conveys discriminatory ideas against traditionally marginalized or excluded groups every hate speech law around the world to this day is
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disproportional and Forrest consistently against the very minority groups who are hoped to be protected and we shouldn't be surprised at that once you have these
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discretionary standards what is hate speech what is disinformation no two individuals can agree on such inherently subjective concepts and so by definition those who wield power are going to wield
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their discretion in ways that predictably are going to perpetuate their power and not empower those who have traditionally been silenced or
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marginalized
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « Should social media platforms censor hate speech? ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : speech, harm, censorship, invented, companies. Cette vidéo contient 33 phrases et 833 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 6:39. Le locuteur parle à un rythme régulier d’environ 125 mots par minute, confortable pour le shadowing. 85 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| invent verbe | /ɪnˈvɛnt/ | inventer |
| censorship nom | /ˈsɛnsɚʃɪp/ | censure |
| disinformation nom | /ˌdɪsɪnfəˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/ | désinformation, mésinformation |
| wield verbe | /wiːld/ | manier, brandir |
| empower verbe | /ɪmˈpaʊ.ə/ | autoriser |
| marginalize verbe | /ˈmɑɹdʒɪnəlaɪz/ | marginaliser |
| inherently adverbe | /ɪnˈhɛɹəntli/ | intrinsèquement, inhéremment |
| traditionally adverbe | /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/ | traditionnellement |
| censor nom | /ˈsɛnsɚ/ | censeur, censeure |
| counterproductive adjectif | /ˌkaʊntəpɹəˈdʌktɪv/ | contreproductif, contre-productif |
| discretionary adjectif | /dɪsˈkɹɛʃəˌnɛɹi/ | discrétionnaire |
| discriminatory adjectif | /dɪsˈkɹɪmɪnəˌtɔɹi/ | discriminatoire, discriminateur |
| grapple verbe | /ˈɡɹæpəl/ | agripper, saisir |
| papyrus nom | /pəˈpaɪɹəs/ | papyrus |
| perpetuate verbe | /pɚˈpɛt͡ʃəˌweɪt/ | perpétuer, pérenniser |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Sens |
|---|---|
| go through verbe | traverser |
| come along verbe | accompagner, venir |
| end up verbe | se terminer, se finir |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | are posed · was invented · can be done |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | somebody who defend · those who are · those who wield |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | have read · have applied · has consistently said |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 5 contractions et formes réduites, comme we're, I'm, shouldn't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: censorship /ˈsɛnsɚʃɪp/, disinformation /ˌdɪsɪnfəˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/, discretionary /dɪsˈkɹɛʃəˌnɛɹi/, disproportional [dɪspɹəˈpɔːʃənəɫ]
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: disinformation /ˌdɪsɪnfəˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/, marginalize /ˈmɑɹdʒɪnəlaɪz/, inherently /ɪnˈhɛɹəntli/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/, counterproductive /ˌkaʊntəpɹəˈdʌktɪv/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: inherently /ɪnˈhɛɹəntli/, adhere /ædˈhɪə/, humility /hjuːˈmɪlɪti/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: marginalize /ˈmɑɹdʒɪnəlaɪz/, perpetuate /pɚˈpɛt͡ʃəˌweɪt/, subjective /səbˈd͡ʒɛktɪv/, allegedly /əˈlɛdʒ.ɪd.li/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: marginalize /ˈmɑɹdʒɪnəlaɪz/, inherently /ɪnˈhɛɹəntli/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/, counterproductive /ˌkaʊntəpɹəˈdʌktɪv/, discretionary /dɪsˈkɹɛʃəˌnɛɹi/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme invent, censorship, disinformation.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.