Pratique du Shadowing: I study demonic possession dreams. Here’s what we’ve found. | Patrick McNamara - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
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So I've been arguing that REM sleep is crucial for religious consciousness
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and for human creative capacities and for human cultural evolution but
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when it goes off the rails is associated with a lot of very serious disorders as well
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Everything from depression to isolated sleep paralysis, and nightmares in particular.
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Now, a nightmare is defined by most sleep medicine specialists as simply a scary,
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terrifying dream that wakes you up.
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A lot of other sleep medicine specialists say, well, it doesn't need to wake you up.
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If you have a really terrifying dream, that's a nightmare.
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And we know that nightmares tend to occur during REM sleep.
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And we know that lots of kids go through a phase where they have lots of nightmares, and then they sort of disappear for most people.
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But people who are vulnerable to nightmares have sort of a disinhibited form of REM neurobiology.
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REM tends to erupt into their waking consciousness a little bit, and they get these dissociative states during the daytime,
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and unfortunately, nightmares during the night
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so nightmares for the most part there's nothing good about them
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and I just want to underline the fact
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that there are very good treatments you don't have to suffer from nightmares
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but from the point of view of somebody investigating religious consciousness nightmares are particularly important
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because for most people who have nightmares supernatural agents appear
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and for many of them particularly for people with religious backgrounds those supernatural agents will be demonic agents
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and unfortunately those demonic agents really have very specific enduring effects on this person suffering from nightmares
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there are many examples but
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when you look at series of nightmares over time one common
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pattern is it before the series of nightmares begin a demon appears just in the room
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The person has a nightmare, and they say, I woke up from this dream, and it's, wow, this is this weird demon in my room.
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But he was just there.
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He wasn't doing anything.
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Scared me, and I woke up.
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And then a week later, they'll have a very similar dream, but the same demon, and the demon will now be near the bed.
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No longer in the corner of the room, but near the bed.
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The third week, I have the nightmare.
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Again, it's a very similar nightmare.
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And now the demonic agent knows that the dreamer is aware of them
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and so the demonic agent ups his game and tries to get closer
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and closer to the individual having the nightmare and so the individual starts to put up barriers to protect themselves.
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In an individual who's particularly vulnerable to nightmares these barriers will eventually not work
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and they need to get clinical help before that happens
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because in many cases the demonic agent is out to possess the individual's consciousness
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and the individual will wake up i mean
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if you look at case studies of demonic possession they invariably occur after a series of nightmares
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and then finally the demonic agent in the nightmare possesses the individual consciousness
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and they wake up in a possessed state
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and then you need you know like exorcism rituals to get rid of the demonic agent
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so those are some of the ways in which nightmares teach us about supernatural agents and religious consciousness
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and why obviously you do not want to have nightmares.
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However, nightmares have been around, we're almost certain, for many thousands of years.
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We have evidence that people who experience frequent nightmares
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but are able to control them
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and able to control the demonic agent in traditional tribal societies gain great social status
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because who can be more powerful than a person who can
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control a demonic agent the nightmares mark them off as special human beings
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that the divine has called them in a special way
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and only somebody who's strong enough to deal with those demonic agents are called to be a shaman
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or a spiritual guide for others
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so that's how people with nightmares in traditional societies were held in special high regard because they carried this special burden.
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So nightmares tell us a lot about religious consciousness and about REM neurobiology.
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One of the things they tell us about REM neurobiology is REM has special computational neurological machinery to handle trauma.
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We think that the fear extinction circuit in REM sleep functions differently during a nightmare than during an ordinary dream.
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And the reason why the fear extinction circuit, the computational machinery that's used to handle emotional traumas doesn't function well is
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that the fear extinction circuit breaks down at a certain gate.
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It's blocked for some reason in some individuals.
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And because the brain uses REM sleep to handle traumas
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And when the trauma can't be handled effectively,
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immediately, the trauma memories hang around in REM sleep and you get PTSD.
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So every night, the individual continually tries to integrate the trauma into long -term memory stores and then get rid of it.
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And that's why RIM is so crucial for getting through calamities
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and plagues and all kinds of horrible events because it's nature's special way to handle emotional trauma.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale s’appuie sur la vidéo « I study demonic possession dreams. Here’s what we’ve found ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : nightmare, agent, demonic, Rem, sleep. Cette vidéo contient 34 phrases et 859 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 5:54. Le locuteur parle à un rythme régulier d’environ 146 mots par minute, confortable pour le shadowing. Seuls 78 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
15 mots de la vidéo à retenir, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| nightmare nom | /ˈnaɪt.mɛɚ/ | cauchemar, mauvais rêve |
| trauma nom | /ˈtɹɔm.ə/ | traumatisme, trauma |
| consciousness nom | /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/ | conscience |
| demon nom | /ˈdiː.mən/ | démon |
| possess verbe | /pəˈzɛs/ | posséder |
| supernatural adjectif | /ˌsu.pəɹˈnæ.tʃə.ɹəl/ | surnaturel, surnaturelle |
| extinction nom | /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/ | extinction |
| occur verbe | /əˈkɜː/ | se produire, avoir lieu |
| suffer verbe | /ˈsʌfɚ/ | souffrir |
| crucial adjectif | /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/ | crucial |
| specialist nom | /ˈspɛʃəlɪst/ | spécialiste |
| vulnerable adjectif | /ˈvʌln(ə)ɹəbl̩/ | vulnérable |
| barrier nom | /ˈbæɹi.ə/ | barrière |
| machinery nom | /məˈʃiːnəɹi/ | machines, parc de machines |
| computational adjectif | /ˌkɑmpjʊˈteɪʃənəl/ | computationnel |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| wake up verbe | /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ | se réveiller |
| get through verbe | /ɡɛt ˈθɹu/ | franchir |
| go off verbe | exploser | |
| go through verbe | traverser | |
| put up verbe | placer |
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | is associated · is defined · are called |
| Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chose | people who are · people who have · people who experience |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | have been · has called |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 10 contractions et formes réduites, comme doesn't, wanna, can't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: consciousness /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/, extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, specialist /ˈspɛʃəlɪst/, machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: supernatural /ˌsu.pəɹˈnæ.tʃə.ɹəl/, machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, computational /ˌkɑmpjʊˈteɪʃənəl/, ordinary /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: horrible /ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/, disinhibit /ˌdɪsɪnˈhɪbɪt/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: supernatural /ˌsu.pəɹˈnæ.tʃə.ɹəl/, spiritual /ˈspɪɹɪt͡ʃuəl/, ritual /ˈɹɪt͡ʃ.u.əl/, endure /ɪnˈd͡ʒʊə(ɹ)/, neurological /nɝəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: trauma /ˈtɹɔm.ə/, supernatural /ˌsu.pəɹˈnæ.tʃə.ɹəl/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, vulnerable /ˈvʌln(ə)ɹəbl̩/, barrier /ˈbæɹi.ə/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme nightmare, trauma, consciousness.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.