Prática de Shadowing: I study demonic possession dreams. Here’s what we’ve found. | Patrick McNamara - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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So I've been arguing that REM sleep is crucial for religious consciousness
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and for human creative capacities and for human cultural evolution but
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when it goes off the rails is associated with a lot of very serious disorders as well
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Everything from depression to isolated sleep paralysis, and nightmares in particular.
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Now, a nightmare is defined by most sleep medicine specialists as simply a scary,
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terrifying dream that wakes you up.
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A lot of other sleep medicine specialists say, well, it doesn't need to wake you up.
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If you have a really terrifying dream, that's a nightmare.
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And we know that nightmares tend to occur during REM sleep.
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And we know that lots of kids go through a phase where they have lots of nightmares, and then they sort of disappear for most people.
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But people who are vulnerable to nightmares have sort of a disinhibited form of REM neurobiology.
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REM tends to erupt into their waking consciousness a little bit, and they get these dissociative states during the daytime,
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and unfortunately, nightmares during the night
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so nightmares for the most part there's nothing good about them
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and I just want to underline the fact
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that there are very good treatments you don't have to suffer from nightmares
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but from the point of view of somebody investigating religious consciousness nightmares are particularly important
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because for most people who have nightmares supernatural agents appear
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and for many of them particularly for people with religious backgrounds those supernatural agents will be demonic agents
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and unfortunately those demonic agents really have very specific enduring effects on this person suffering from nightmares
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there are many examples but
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when you look at series of nightmares over time one common
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pattern is it before the series of nightmares begin a demon appears just in the room
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The person has a nightmare, and they say, I woke up from this dream, and it's, wow, this is this weird demon in my room.
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But he was just there.
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He wasn't doing anything.
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Scared me, and I woke up.
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And then a week later, they'll have a very similar dream, but the same demon, and the demon will now be near the bed.
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No longer in the corner of the room, but near the bed.
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The third week, I have the nightmare.
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Again, it's a very similar nightmare.
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And now the demonic agent knows that the dreamer is aware of them
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and so the demonic agent ups his game and tries to get closer
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and closer to the individual having the nightmare and so the individual starts to put up barriers to protect themselves.
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In an individual who's particularly vulnerable to nightmares these barriers will eventually not work
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and they need to get clinical help before that happens
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because in many cases the demonic agent is out to possess the individual's consciousness
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and the individual will wake up i mean
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if you look at case studies of demonic possession they invariably occur after a series of nightmares
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and then finally the demonic agent in the nightmare possesses the individual consciousness
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and they wake up in a possessed state
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and then you need you know like exorcism rituals to get rid of the demonic agent
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so those are some of the ways in which nightmares teach us about supernatural agents and religious consciousness
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and why obviously you do not want to have nightmares.
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However, nightmares have been around, we're almost certain, for many thousands of years.
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We have evidence that people who experience frequent nightmares
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but are able to control them
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and able to control the demonic agent in traditional tribal societies gain great social status
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because who can be more powerful than a person who can
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control a demonic agent the nightmares mark them off as special human beings
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that the divine has called them in a special way
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and only somebody who's strong enough to deal with those demonic agents are called to be a shaman
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or a spiritual guide for others
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so that's how people with nightmares in traditional societies were held in special high regard because they carried this special burden.
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So nightmares tell us a lot about religious consciousness and about REM neurobiology.
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One of the things they tell us about REM neurobiology is REM has special computational neurological machinery to handle trauma.
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We think that the fear extinction circuit in REM sleep functions differently during a nightmare than during an ordinary dream.
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And the reason why the fear extinction circuit, the computational machinery that's used to handle emotional traumas doesn't function well is
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that the fear extinction circuit breaks down at a certain gate.
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It's blocked for some reason in some individuals.
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And because the brain uses REM sleep to handle traumas
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And when the trauma can't be handled effectively,
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immediately, the trauma memories hang around in REM sleep and you get PTSD.
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So every night, the individual continually tries to integrate the trauma into long -term memory stores and then get rid of it.
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And that's why RIM is so crucial for getting through calamities
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and plagues and all kinds of horrible events because it's nature's special way to handle emotional trauma.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “I study demonic possession dreams. Here’s what we’ve found”. As palavras que mais se repetem: nightmare, agent, demonic, Rem, sleep. Este vídeo tem 34 frases e 859 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 5:54. O falante mantém um ritmo estável de cerca de 146 palavras por minuto, confortável para o shadowing. Apenas 78% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês, por isso o vocabulário é exigente.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| nightmare substantivo | /ˈnaɪt.mɛɚ/ | pesadelo |
| trauma substantivo | /ˈtɹɔm.ə/ | traumatismo |
| consciousness substantivo | /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/ | consciência |
| demon substantivo | /ˈdiː.mən/ | demônio, demónio |
| circuit substantivo | /ˈsɝ.kɪt/ | circuito, volta |
| possess verbo | /pəˈzɛs/ | possuir, ter |
| supernatural adjetivo | /ˌsu.pəɹˈnæ.tʃə.ɹəl/ | sobrenatural |
| extinction substantivo | /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/ | extinção |
| occur verbo | /əˈkɜː/ | ocorrer, acontecer |
| suffer verbo | /ˈsʌfɚ/ | sofrer |
| crucial adjetivo | /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/ | crucial |
| specialist substantivo | /ˈspɛʃəlɪst/ | especialista, expert |
| vulnerable adjetivo | /ˈvʌln(ə)ɹəbl̩/ | vulnerável |
| barrier substantivo | /ˈbæɹi.ə/ | barreira |
| machinery substantivo | /məˈʃiːnəɹi/ | maquinaria, maquinário |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| wake up verbo | /ˌweɪk ˈʌp/ | acordar, despertar |
| go off verbo | explodir | |
| put up verbo | afixar |
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | is associated · is defined · are called |
| Orações relativas who / which + oração — informação extra sobre uma pessoa ou coisa | people who are · people who have · people who experience |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | have been · has called |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 10 contrações e formas reduzidas, como doesn't, wanna, can't. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: consciousness /ˈkɑnʃəsnəs/, extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃən/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, specialist /ˈspɛʃəlɪst/, machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: supernatural /ˌsu.pəɹˈnæ.tʃə.ɹəl/, machinery /məˈʃiːnəɹi/, computational /ˌkɑmpjʊˈteɪʃənəl/, ordinary /ˈɔɹdɪnɛɹi/, evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃ(ə)n/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: circuit /ˈsɝ.kɪt/, specialist /ˈspɛʃəlɪst/, gate /ˈɡeɪ̯t/, associate /əˈsoʊʃi.ət/, regard /ɹɪˈɡɑːd/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: supernatural /ˌsu.pəɹˈnæ.tʃə.ɹəl/, crucial /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/, computational /ˌkɑmpjʊˈteɪʃənəl/, horrible /ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/, rail /ɹeɪ(ə)l/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: horrible /ˈhɔɹ.ɪ.bəl/, disinhibit /ˌdɪsɪnˈhɪbɪt/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Faça shadowing frase por frase na velocidade normal, repetindo cada uma até o seu ritmo ficar igual ao do falante.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como nightmare, trauma, consciousness.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.