शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Should social media platforms censor hate speech? | Nadine Strossen | Big Think - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
अभ्यास मोड चुनें
हर मोड पूरी स्क्रीन का अभ्यास कक्ष खोलता है।
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social media platforms present the same issues that we have been grappling with with respect to older media but throughout human history every time a
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new medium of communication comes along many people including many government officials become very exercised about the new power and the allegedly new
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harms that are posed so we went through this when radio was invented when the telephone was invented when television was invented when the world wide web
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came to people's attention and in fact I have read that when the printing press was invented and when papyrus was invented there were similar eruptions of
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fear about this great new power to distribute information and the harm that can be done through information and disinformation so I think it's really
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important for us to have historic humility and not see what we're what we're going through now is inherently different and more dangerous than the
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past and I think that the same fundamental principles that have applied to other media should apply to social media as well first of all as private
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sector entities social media companies have absolutely no legal obligation to respect First Amendment rights free speech rights for anybody else so just
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as I have no right to participate in your wonderful film and I have no right to have an op-ed in the New York Times I have no right to have my post displayed
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on Facebook or Twitter and so forth moreover those companies have their own First Amendment rights to make their own editorial decisions about what
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expression they are going to allow on their platform and what they're not going to allow is somebody who defend free speech right for media company so along with other companies would oppose government
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restriction on the ability of these companies to decide what they will air and what they will not air however I will raise my voice to urge these
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companies to adhere as closely as as feasible to the same basic standards that are reflected in the First Amendment because I think that for all
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of the potential damage that can be done by various kinds of online communications including disinformation and so-called fake news and political
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ads and so forth that far more harm is done when we empower these largely unaccountable private sector you know really powerful entities to pick and
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choose what expression is going to be aired and what will not be aired and that danger is especially great when we are talking about political speech the
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Supreme Court has consistently said throughout history of all expression that is important in our system of government by far the most important is
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speech about public affairs speech about politics We the People to quote the opening words of our Constitution we wield sovereign power but how can we do
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that responsibly or effectively if we do not have access full access to information about those who are running for office those who are seeking our
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votes those who are making public policy decisions most of the time when people advocate censorship beyond the emergency situation in which First Amendment law
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allows speech to be censored most of the part-time people talk about the harm that speech can cause whether it be dissin formation / fake news or whether
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it be hate speech or whether it be terrorist content and I agree speech have an enormous capacity to do harm as well as an enormous capacity to do good
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we protect it precisely because it is so powerful but the argument 99.9 percent of the time starts and ends with the potential harm of free speech those who
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advocate censorship never examine whether censorship is going to be effective in addressing redressing reducing the harm they never address
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whether censorship to the contrary is going to do more harm than good and every situation that I'm aware of censorship actually ends up being
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ineffective in addressing the harms at stake at best or counterproductive at worse so disinformation well are we going to
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say that empowering mark zuckerberg and the other Titans of Silicon Valley to decide that certain speech is untrue is that actually going to solve our
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political problems I think to the contrary that is as threatening to democracy as it is to individual freedom likewise with respect to so-called hate
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speech that conveys discriminatory ideas against traditionally marginalized or excluded groups every hate speech law around the world to this day is
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disproportional and Forrest consistently against the very minority groups who are hoped to be protected and we shouldn't be surprised at that once you have these
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discretionary standards what is hate speech what is disinformation no two individuals can agree on such inherently subjective concepts and so by definition those who wield power are going to wield
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their discretion in ways that predictably are going to perpetuate their power and not empower those who have traditionally been silenced or
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marginalized
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इस वीडियो के साथ बोलने का अभ्यास क्यों करें?
यह वीडियो हमें सोशल मीडिया प्लेटफॉर्म्स पर नफरत भरी बातों के सेंसरशिप पर चर्चा करने का एक अनूठा अवसर प्रदान करता है। यहां, वक्ता ना केवल अपने विचार प्रस्तुत करते हैं, बल्कि यह भी समझाते हैं कि कैसे हमारी लोकतांत्रिक प्रक्रियाओं पर इसका प्रभाव पड़ता है। इस वीडियो का ऊपर से अध्ययन करने से, आप न केवल अंग्रेजी बोलने का अभ्यास कर सकते हैं, बल्कि यह भी जान सकते हैं कि विचारों की अभिव्यक्ति कितनी महत्वपूर्ण है। जब आप वक्ता के साथ संवाद करते हैं, तो आप उनके तर्कों को समझने और अपने विचारों को व्यक्त करने की क्षमता को बढ़ाते हैं। इससे आपको अंग्रेजी उच्चारण में सुधार करने का भी मौका मिलेगा।
व्याकरण और संदर्भ में अभिव्यक्तियां
वक्ता सटीक और प्रभावी भाषा का उपयोग करते हैं, जो हमें कुछ महत्वपूर्ण व्याकरणिक संरचनाओं को सीखने में मदद करती हैं:
- “There were similar eruptions of fear…” - यहां हम देखते हैं कि कैसे 'there were' का उपयोग एक ऐतिहासिक संदर्भ को स्थापित करने के लिए किया जाता है।
- “How can we do that responsibly...” - इस सवाल में 'can' का प्रयोग संभावना दर्शाने के लिए किया गया है, जो संवाद में प्रभाव डालता है।
- “We protect it precisely because it is so powerful…” - यह वाक्य संरचना हमें इस बात का अहसास कराती है कि कैसे विशेषण का उपयोग अभिव्यक्ति को मजबूत बनाता है।
इन उदाहरणों के माध्यम से, आप अपनी बोलचाल में बेहतर संरचना और व्याकरण का प्रयोग कर सकते हैं, जो अंग्रेजी बोलने का अभ्यास करते समय आपके लिए सहायक होगा।
सामान्य उच्चारण की समस्याएं
वीडियो में कुछ ऐसी शब्दावली है जो अंग्रेजी उच्चारण में चुनौती पेश कर सकती है:
- “Censorship” - इस शब्द का उच्चारण सही तरीके से करना महत्वपूर्ण है; इसे ' सेनसरशिप' के रूप में सही ढंग से उच्चारित करें।
- “Disinformation” - 'डिसइनफॉर्मेशन' का सही उच्चारण करना आपके संवाद को उन्नत बनाएगा।
- “Empower” - इसे 'एंपावर' कहकर उच्चारित करें, ताकि इसका प्रभावी इस्तेमाल किया जा सके।
इन शब्दों का सही उच्चारण समझकर आप अंग्रेजी उच्चारण में सुधार कर सकते हैं और साथ ही शैडो स्पीच तकनीक का उपयोग करते हुए अपने बोलने के कौशल में निखार ला सकते हैं।
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | are posed · was invented · can be done |
| Relative clauses who / which + उपवाक्य — व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी | somebody who defend · those who are · those who wield |
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है | have read · have applied · has consistently said |
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।