Shadowing Practice: Should social media platforms censor hate speech? | Nadine Strossen | Big Think - Learn English Speaking with Video

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33 משפטים
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social media platforms present the same issues that we have been grappling with with respect to older media but throughout human history every time a
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new medium of communication comes along many people including many government officials become very exercised about the new power and the allegedly new
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harms that are posed so we went through this when radio was invented when the telephone was invented when television was invented when the world wide web
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came to people's attention and in fact I have read that when the printing press was invented and when papyrus was invented there were similar eruptions of
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fear about this great new power to distribute information and the harm that can be done through information and disinformation so I think it's really
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important for us to have historic humility and not see what we're what we're going through now is inherently different and more dangerous than the
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past and I think that the same fundamental principles that have applied to other media should apply to social media as well first of all as private
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sector entities social media companies have absolutely no legal obligation to respect First Amendment rights free speech rights for anybody else so just
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as I have no right to participate in your wonderful film and I have no right to have an op-ed in the New York Times I have no right to have my post displayed
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on Facebook or Twitter and so forth moreover those companies have their own First Amendment rights to make their own editorial decisions about what
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expression they are going to allow on their platform and what they're not going to allow is somebody who defend free speech right for media company so along with other companies would oppose government
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restriction on the ability of these companies to decide what they will air and what they will not air however I will raise my voice to urge these
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companies to adhere as closely as as feasible to the same basic standards that are reflected in the First Amendment because I think that for all
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of the potential damage that can be done by various kinds of online communications including disinformation and so-called fake news and political
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ads and so forth that far more harm is done when we empower these largely unaccountable private sector you know really powerful entities to pick and
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choose what expression is going to be aired and what will not be aired and that danger is especially great when we are talking about political speech the
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Supreme Court has consistently said throughout history of all expression that is important in our system of government by far the most important is
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speech about public affairs speech about politics We the People to quote the opening words of our Constitution we wield sovereign power but how can we do
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that responsibly or effectively if we do not have access full access to information about those who are running for office those who are seeking our
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votes those who are making public policy decisions most of the time when people advocate censorship beyond the emergency situation in which First Amendment law
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allows speech to be censored most of the part-time people talk about the harm that speech can cause whether it be dissin formation / fake news or whether
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it be hate speech or whether it be terrorist content and I agree speech have an enormous capacity to do harm as well as an enormous capacity to do good
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we protect it precisely because it is so powerful but the argument 99.9 percent of the time starts and ends with the potential harm of free speech those who
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advocate censorship never examine whether censorship is going to be effective in addressing redressing reducing the harm they never address
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whether censorship to the contrary is going to do more harm than good and every situation that I'm aware of censorship actually ends up being
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ineffective in addressing the harms at stake at best or counterproductive at worse so disinformation well are we going to
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say that empowering mark zuckerberg and the other Titans of Silicon Valley to decide that certain speech is untrue is that actually going to solve our
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political problems I think to the contrary that is as threatening to democracy as it is to individual freedom likewise with respect to so-called hate
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speech that conveys discriminatory ideas against traditionally marginalized or excluded groups every hate speech law around the world to this day is
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disproportional and Forrest consistently against the very minority groups who are hoped to be protected and we shouldn't be surprised at that once you have these
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discretionary standards what is hate speech what is disinformation no two individuals can agree on such inherently subjective concepts and so by definition those who wield power are going to wield
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their discretion in ways that predictably are going to perpetuate their power and not empower those who have traditionally been silenced or
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marginalized

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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה

שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “Should social media platforms censor hate speech?”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: speech, harm, censorship, invented, companies. בסרטון הזה יש 33 משפטים ו-833 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 6:39. הדובר שומר על קצב יציב של כ-125 מילים בדקה, קצב נוח לתרגול Shadowing. 85% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית; כדאי ללמוד את השאר לפני שמתחילים.

אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה

15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:

מילההגייהמשמעות
censorship שם עצם/ˈsɛnsɚʃɪp/צֶנְזוּרָה
disinformation שם עצם/ˌdɪsɪnfəˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/דִּיסְאִינְפוֹרְמַצְיָה
censor שם עצם/ˈsɛnsɚ/צנזור, צנזורית
papyrus שם עצם/pəˈpaɪɹəs/גומא \ גֹּמֶא, פָּפִּירוּס
perpetuate פועל/pɚˈpɛt͡ʃəˌweɪt/הנציח
humility שם עצם/hjuːˈmɪlɪti/צְנִיעוּת, ענווה
feasible שם תואר/ˈfiː.zɪ.bəl/בר ביצוע
restriction שם עצם/ɹɪˈstɹɪkʃən/הַגְבָּלָה, סְיָג
exclude פועל/ɪksˈkluːd/לא הכליל
distribute פועל/dɪˈstɹɪbjuːt/חילק
convey פועל/kənˈveɪ/הוביל, העביר
discretion שם עצם/dɪˈskɹɛʃən/שיקול דעת
threaten פועל/ˈθɹɛt.n̩/איים
likewise תואר הפועל/ˈlaɪkˌwaɪz/כְּמוֹ כֵן
allegedly תואר הפועל/əˈlɛdʒ.ɪd.li/לִכְאוֹרָה

דקדוק בסרטון הזה

המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:

מבנהבסרטון
סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולהare posed · was invented · can be done
משפטי זיקה (Relative clauses) who / which + clause — מידע נוסף על אדם או דברsomebody who defend · those who are · those who wield
הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיוhave read · have applied · has consistently said

הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה

הדובר משתמש ב-5 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו we're, I'm, shouldn't. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.

  • הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: censorship /ˈsɛnsɚʃɪp/, disinformation /ˌdɪsɪnfəˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/, discretionary /dɪsˈkɹɛʃəˌnɛɹi/, disproportional [dɪspɹəˈpɔːʃənəɫ]
  • מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: disinformation /ˌdɪsɪnfəˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/, marginalize /ˈmɑɹdʒɪnəlaɪz/, inherently /ɪnˈhɛɹəntli/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/, counterproductive /ˌkaʊntəpɹəˈdʌktɪv/

צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:

  • /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: wield /wiːld/, perpetuate /pɚˈpɛt͡ʃəˌweɪt/, likewise /ˈlaɪkˌwaɪz/
  • /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: grapple /ˈɡɹæpəl/, adhere /ædˈhɪə/
  • /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: marginalize /ˈmɑɹdʒɪnəlaɪz/, inherently /ɪnˈhɛɹəntli/, traditionally /tɹəˈdɪʃ.ə.nə.li/, counterproductive /ˌkaʊntəpɹəˈdʌktɪv/, discretionary /dɪsˈkɹɛʃəˌnɛɹi/

איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה

  1. הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
  2. תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט במהירות רגילה, וחזרו על כל משפט עד שהקצב שלכם תואם את הדובר.
  3. הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו censorship, disinformation, censor.

מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?

שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.

טכניקת Shadowing: קרא את המדריך המלא שלב אחר שלב →