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Part 4.
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You will hear a professor of philosophy giving a talk on the ancient philosophy of Stoicism.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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Ancient philosophy is not just about talking or lecturing or even reading long, dense books.
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In fact, it is something people have used throughout history to solve their problems and to achieve their greatest triumphs.
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Specifically, I am referring to Stoicism,
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which in my opinion is the most practical of all philosophies and therefore the most appealing.
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Stoicism was founded in ancient Greece by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC, but was practiced by the likes of Epictetus,
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Cato, Seneca, and Marcus Aurelius.
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Amazingly, we still have access to these ideas, despite the fact that the most famous Stoics never wrote anything down for publication.
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Cato definitely didn't.
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Marcus Aurelius never intended his meditations to be anything but personal.
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Seneca's letters were, well, letters, and Epictetus's thoughts come to us by way of a note-taking student.
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Stoic principles were based on the idea that its followers could have an unshakable happiness in this life,
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and the key to achieving this was virtue.
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The road to virtue, in turn,
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lay in understanding that destructive emotions like anger and jealousy are under our conscious control.
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They don't have to control us, because we can learn to control them.
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In the words of Epictetus, external events I cannot control, but the choices I make with regard to them I do control.
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The modern-day philosopher
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and writer Nassim Nicholas Taleb defines a Stoic as someone who has a different perspective on experiences
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which most of us would see as wholly negative.
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A Stoic transforms fear into caution,
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pain into transformation, mistakes into initiation, and desire into undertaking.
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Using this definition as a model, we can see that throughout the centuries,
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Stoicism has been practiced in more recent history by kings, presidents, artists, writers, and entrepreneurs.
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The Founding Fathers of the United States were inspired by the philosophy.
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George Washington was introduced to Stoicism by his neighbours at age seventeen,
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and later put on a play based on the life of Cato to inspire his men.
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Thomas Jefferson kept a copy of Seneca beside his bed.
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Writers and artists have also been inspired by the Stoics.
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Eugene Delacroix, the renowned French romantic artist, known best for his painting, Liberty Leading the People, was an ardent Stoic,
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referring to it as his consoling religion.
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The economist Adam Smith's theories on capitalism were significantly influenced by the Stoicism that he studied as a schoolboy,
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under a teacher who had translated Marcus Aurelius's works.
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Today's political leaders are no different, with many finding their inspiration from the ancient texts.
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Former US President Bill Clinton re-reads Marcus Aurelius every single year,
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and many have compared former President Obama's calm leadership style to that of Cato.
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Wen Jiabao, the former Prime Minister of China, claims that Meditations is one of two books he travels with,
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and that he has read it more than 100 times over the course of his life.
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Stoicism had a profound influence on Albert Ellis, who invented cognitive behaviour therapy,
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which is used to help people manage their problems by changing the way that they think and behave.
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It's most commonly used to treat depression.
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The idea is that we can take control of our lives by challenging the irrational beliefs that create our faulty thinking,
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symptoms and behaviours by using logic instead.
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Stoicism has also become popular in the world of business.
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Stoic principles can build the resilience and state of mind required to overcome setbacks,
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because Stoics teach turning obstacles into opportunity, a lesson every business entrepreneur needs to learn.
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I would argue that studying Stoicism is as relevant today as it was 2,000 years ago,
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thanks to its brilliant insights into how to lead a good life.
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At the very root of the thinking, there is a very simple way of living.
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Control what you can and accept what you can't.
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This is not as easy as it sounds and will require considerable practice.
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It can take a lifetime to master.
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The Stoics also believed the most important foundation for a good and happy life is not money,
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fame, power or pleasure, but having a disciplined and principled character,
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something which seems to resonate with many people today.
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That is the end of part four.
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You now have one minute to check your answers to part four.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.

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本課的詞彙與口語要點

這節 C1 級別的口語課以影片“IELTS Listening Section-4(Stoicism) with answers”為素材。 影片中反覆出現的詞有：Stoic, Stoicism, Cato, Marcus, philosophy。 這段影片共有 63 個句子、758 個單詞可供跟讀。 講話部分時長為 7:50。 說話人語速較慢，每分鐘約 97 個詞，你有足夠的時間模仿每一個音。 只有 78% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。

影片中的重點詞彙

影片中最難的 15 個單詞，附發音和釋義：

單詞發音釋義
inspire 動詞/ɪnˈspaɪə(ɹ)/授意, 鼓舞
meditation 名詞/mɛdɪˈteɪʃn̩/沉思
entrepreneur 名詞/ˌɑn.tɹə.pɹəˈnɝ/企業家 /企業家
ardent 形容詞/ˈɑɹdənt/熱烈 /熱烈, 熱心 /熱心
schoolboy 名詞/ˈskulˌbɔɪ/男學生 /男學生
initiation 名詞/ɪˌnɪʃ.iˈeɪ.ʃən/開始, 發起
irrational 形容詞/ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/不合理
follower 名詞/ˈfɒləʊə(ɹ)/追隨者 /追隨者
invent 動詞/ɪnˈvɛnt/發明 /發明
resilience 名詞/ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/彈性, 韌性
symptom 名詞/ˈsɪm(p)təm/症狀 /症狀, 病徵 /病徵
amazingly 副詞/əˈmeɪzɪŋli/驚人的 /驚人的
neighbour 名詞/ˈneɪbɚ/鄰居 /鄰居, 比鄰 /比鄰
undertaking 名詞/ˈʌndə(ɹ)ˌteɪkɪŋ/殯儀業 /殯儀業
philosopher 名詞/fəˈlɑsəfɚ/哲學家 /哲學家

影片中的語法

說話人最常用的結構，並附上影片中的原話：

結構影片中的用法
被動語態 be + 過去分詞 — 強調發生了什麼，而不是誰做的was founded · were based · has been practiced
現在完成時 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去發生但與現在仍有關聯的事have used · has been practiced · have also been inspired
定語從句 who / which + 從句 — 補充說明人或事物someone who has · teacher who had

需要注意的發音

說話人用了 3 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 can't, didn't, don't。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。

  • “sh” 和 “zh” 音: meditation /mɛdɪˈteɪʃn̩/, initiation /ɪˌnɪʃ.iˈeɪ.ʃən/, irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/, caution /ˈkɔːʃ(ə)n/
  • 長單詞——注意重音位置: entrepreneur /ˌɑn.tɹə.pɹəˈnɝ/, initiation /ɪˌnɪʃ.iˈeɪ.ʃən/, irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/, resilience /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/, amazingly /əˈmeɪzɪŋli/

中文母語者容易讀錯的音：

  • /v/ — 不要讀成 /w/，上齒輕觸下唇: virtue /ˈvɝt͡ʃu/, invent /ɪnˈvɛnt/, destructive /dɪˈstɹʌktɪv/, behave /bɪˈheɪv/
  • 詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: ardent /ˈɑɹdənt/, resonate /ˈɹɛz.əˌneɪt/, setback /ˈsɛtbæk/, invent /ɪnˈvɛnt/, resilience /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/
  • /r/ 和 /l/ 的區別: irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/, follower /ˈfɒləʊə(ɹ)/, resilience /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/, translate /tɹænzˈleɪt/

如何用這段影片練習

  1. 先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
  2. 用正常速度逐句跟讀，每句重複到你的節奏與說話人一致為止。
  3. 錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 inspire, meditation, entrepreneur 這類單詞。

什麼是跟讀法？

跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟讀法: 閱讀完整分步指南 →