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Part 4.
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You will hear a professor of philosophy giving a talk on the ancient philosophy of Stoicism.
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First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
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Thank you.
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Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.
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Ancient philosophy is not just about talking or lecturing or even reading long, dense books.
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In fact, it is something people have used throughout history to solve their problems and to achieve their greatest triumphs.
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Specifically, I am referring to Stoicism,
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which in my opinion is the most practical of all philosophies and therefore the most appealing.
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Stoicism was founded in ancient Greece by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC, but was practiced by the likes of Epictetus,
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Cato, Seneca, and Marcus Aurelius.
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Amazingly, we still have access to these ideas, despite the fact that the most famous Stoics never wrote anything down for publication.
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Cato definitely didn't.
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Marcus Aurelius never intended his meditations to be anything but personal.
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Seneca's letters were, well, letters, and Epictetus's thoughts come to us by way of a note-taking student.
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Stoic principles were based on the idea that its followers could have an unshakable happiness in this life,
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and the key to achieving this was virtue.
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The road to virtue, in turn,
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lay in understanding that destructive emotions like anger and jealousy are under our conscious control.
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They don't have to control us, because we can learn to control them.
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In the words of Epictetus, external events I cannot control, but the choices I make with regard to them I do control.
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The modern-day philosopher
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and writer Nassim Nicholas Taleb defines a Stoic as someone who has a different perspective on experiences
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which most of us would see as wholly negative.
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A Stoic transforms fear into caution,
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pain into transformation, mistakes into initiation, and desire into undertaking.
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Using this definition as a model, we can see that throughout the centuries,
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Stoicism has been practiced in more recent history by kings, presidents, artists, writers, and entrepreneurs.
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The Founding Fathers of the United States were inspired by the philosophy.
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George Washington was introduced to Stoicism by his neighbours at age seventeen,
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and later put on a play based on the life of Cato to inspire his men.
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Thomas Jefferson kept a copy of Seneca beside his bed.
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Writers and artists have also been inspired by the Stoics.
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Eugene Delacroix, the renowned French romantic artist, known best for his painting, Liberty Leading the People, was an ardent Stoic,
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referring to it as his consoling religion.
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The economist Adam Smith's theories on capitalism were significantly influenced by the Stoicism that he studied as a schoolboy,
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under a teacher who had translated Marcus Aurelius's works.
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Today's political leaders are no different, with many finding their inspiration from the ancient texts.
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Former US President Bill Clinton re-reads Marcus Aurelius every single year,
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and many have compared former President Obama's calm leadership style to that of Cato.
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Wen Jiabao, the former Prime Minister of China, claims that Meditations is one of two books he travels with,
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and that he has read it more than 100 times over the course of his life.
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Stoicism had a profound influence on Albert Ellis, who invented cognitive behaviour therapy,
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which is used to help people manage their problems by changing the way that they think and behave.
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It's most commonly used to treat depression.
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The idea is that we can take control of our lives by challenging the irrational beliefs that create our faulty thinking,
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symptoms and behaviours by using logic instead.
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Stoicism has also become popular in the world of business.
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Stoic principles can build the resilience and state of mind required to overcome setbacks,
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because Stoics teach turning obstacles into opportunity, a lesson every business entrepreneur needs to learn.
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I would argue that studying Stoicism is as relevant today as it was 2,000 years ago,
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thanks to its brilliant insights into how to lead a good life.
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At the very root of the thinking, there is a very simple way of living.
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Control what you can and accept what you can't.
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This is not as easy as it sounds and will require considerable practice.
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It can take a lifetime to master.
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The Stoics also believed the most important foundation for a good and happy life is not money,
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fame, power or pleasure, but having a disciplined and principled character,
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something which seems to resonate with many people today.
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That is the end of part four.
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You now have one minute to check your answers to part four.
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Thank you.
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Thank you.

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このレッスンの語彙とスピーキングのポイント

このC1レベルのスピーキングレッスンは、動画「IELTS Listening Section-4(Stoicism) with answers」を教材にしています。 繰り返し出てくる語は次のとおりです：Stoic, Stoicism, Cato, Marcus, philosophy。 この動画には、シャドーイング用の文が63文、単語が758語あります。 音声の長さは7:50です。 話す速さはゆっくりで、1分あたり約97語です。一つ一つの音をまねる余裕があります。 英語の頻出3,000語に含まれる単語は78%だけなので、語彙は難しめです。

この動画の重要語彙

動画の中で特に難しい単語15語を、発音と意味つきで紹介します。

単語発音意味
virtue 名詞/ˈvɝt͡ʃu/力天使
entrepreneur 名詞/ˌɑn.tɹə.pɹəˈnɝ/企業家, 起業家
ardent 形容詞/ˈɑɹdənt/熱烈, 熱心
schoolboy 名詞/ˈskulˌbɔɪ/男子児童, 男子生徒
initiation 名詞/ɪˌnɪʃ.iˈeɪ.ʃən/開始, 着手
irrational 形容詞/ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/不合理な, 無理な
follower 名詞/ˈfɒləʊə(ɹ)/支持者
invent 動詞/ɪnˈvɛnt/発明する
symptom 名詞/ˈsɪm(p)təm/症状, 症候
amazingly 副詞/əˈmeɪzɪŋli/すごく
neighbour 名詞/ˈneɪbɚ/隣人, 隣の人
philosopher 名詞/fəˈlɑsəfɚ/哲学者
obstacle 名詞/ˈɑbstəkəl/障害, 邪魔
jealousy 名詞/ˈd͡ʒɛl.ə.si/妬み
economist 名詞/iˈkɑ.nə.mɪst/経済学者, エコノミスト

この動画の文法

話し手がよく使っている文型を、動画の実際の表現とともに紹介します。

文型動画での表現
受動態 be + 過去分詞 — 誰がするかより、何が起きるかに焦点を当てるwas founded · were based · has been practiced
現在完了形 have/has + 過去分詞 — 過去の出来事が今も関係しているhas been practiced · have also been inspired · have compared
関係詞節 who / which + 節 — 人や物について情報を加えるsomeone who has · teacher who had

注意したい発音

話し手はcan't, didn't, don'tなど、短縮形や弱形を3回使っています。聞こえたとおりの短い形で発音しましょう。

  • 「sh」と「zh」の音: meditation /mɛdɪˈteɪʃn̩/, initiation /ɪˌnɪʃ.iˈeɪ.ʃən/, irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/, caution /ˈkɔːʃ(ə)n/
  • 長い単語（アクセントの位置に注意）: entrepreneur /ˌɑn.tɹə.pɹəˈnɝ/, initiation /ɪˌnɪʃ.iˈeɪ.ʃən/, irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/, resilience /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/, amazingly /əˈmeɪzɪŋli/

日本語話者が苦手な音：

  • /r/ と /l/ の区別 — /l/ は舌先を歯茎につけ、/r/ はどこにもつけない: irrational /ɪˈɹæʃ.(ə.)nəl/, follower /ˈfɒləʊə(ɹ)/, resilience /ɹɪˈzɪl.ɪ.əns/, translate /tɹænzˈleɪt/
  • /v/ — /b/ にならないように、上の歯を下唇に当てる: virtue /ˈvɝt͡ʃu/, invent /ɪnˈvɛnt/, destructive /dɪˈstɹʌktɪv/, behave /bɪˈheɪv/
  • /f/ — 「フ」ではなく、上の歯と下唇で出す: follower /ˈfɒləʊə(ɹ)/, faulty /ˈfɔlti/, philosopher /fəˈlɑsəfɚ/, profound /pɹəˈfaʊnd/, triumph /ˈtɹaɪ̯əmf/

この動画での練習方法

  1. まず声を出さずに動画を最後まで聞き、知らない単語をメモします。
  2. 通常の速度で一文ずつシャドーイングし、話し手のリズムに合うまで繰り返します。
  3. 自分の声を録音して元の音声と比べます。virtue, entrepreneur, ardentなどの単語に特に注意しましょう。

シャドーイングとは？英語上達に効果的な理由

シャドーイング（Shadowing）は、もともとプロの通訳者養成プログラムで開発された言語学習法で、多言語習得者として知られるDr. Alexander Arguelles によって広く普及されました。方法はシンプルですが非常に効果的：ネイティブスピーカーの英語を聞きながら、1〜2秒の遅延で声に出してすぐに繰り返す——まるで「影（shadow）」のように話者を追いかけます。文法ドリルや受動的なリスニングと異なり、シャドーイングは脳と口の筋肉が同時にリアルタイムで英語を処理・再現することを強制します。研究により、発音精度、抑揚、リズム、連音、リスニング力、そして会話の流暢さが大幅に向上することが確認されています。IELTSスピーキング対策や自然な英語コミュニケーションを目指す方に特におすすめです。

シャドーイングのやり方: ステップ別の完全ガイドを読む →