跟读练习: Phonetics and Phonology: Introduction - 通过视频学习英语口语

Most Intro to Linguistics classes start with phonetics and phonology.

There are good reasons for that, it has everything we like.

Awkwardly trying to recreate sounds, silly recordings and vast charts of scary looking lettery things.

But probably the most important reason is that when we think about language, most of us probably first think about speaking.

That's just what we do naturally.

We produce a variety of sounds using our lips, tongue, mouth and some bits in our throat.

If you want to make a P sound for example, you close your lips and then release the air all at once.

If you want to make an M sound, you also close your lips and then you kind of hum, and so on.

This is what phonetics and phonology deal with.

Human speech sounds.

All the plops and hisses and trills we make to show other people what's going on in our heads.

It would be hard to get by without those.

Phonetics and phonology look at what sounds we make, how we make them and, at least phonology, looks at if there's a system behind that

or if we're just stringing random sounds together and in the end something comes out that makes a bit of sense.

But why do we need two disciplines to deal with that?

Well, because they approach the stuff really quite a bit differently.

Phonetics is very very precise.

It really matters if your A is a bit lower or higher, or if you push out lots of air with your P's and T's and D's or not,

and if you pronounce the T's in butter as T,

butter, D, butter, or just kind of tap your tongue against your gum ridge, butter.

Phonetics is interested in how we make sounds, how we hear those sounds, how we can describe them to deal with them empirically in a scholarly setting,

and how we can make those sounds visible in a way that's actually practical to write down in print.

on the other hand, doesn't sweat those little details very much.

It's not like a Londoner wouldn't understand butter, and vice versa.

Phonology says it's the same idea of a sound, they just say it a bit differently.

This may sound a bit silly, but think of the L sound for example.

English has two of those.

In words like law or light, where it's at the start, it sounds a bit different than in words like fall or ball.

Those sound much, much darker.

But you can't really mix them up because in English, light elves only come in the beginning of a syllable and dark ones at the end.

So phonologists say that because they can't come in the same spots, the difference doesn't matter.

They don't ever change the meaning of a word.

That is what phonology is interested in – systems.

Clearly the two L sounds don't make much of a difference.

Pan and can, though.

Those P and K sounds change whether you're frying something or drinking it.

A result is that in phonetics, what language you're investigating doesn't matter very much.

A B in Libyan Arabic is the same as a B in English.

But when you look at the systems, it's a different story.

In English, there's a p sound, and bin and pin are not quite the same thing really.

Arabic speakers mostly don't make a difference between those sounds, so their difference doesn't matter to a phonologist.

It's a bit like the elves in English.

You can see that it may be quite important to know whether someone is giving you a phonetic transcription of a word,

which is very precise, or a phonological one which only tells you what you need to know to figure out the rest.

That's why we use square brackets for phonetic transcriptions and slashers for phonological ones.

We also have different names for the sounds, depending on whether we are thinking about them phonetically or phonologically.

In phonetics we call them phones.

No, not that kind of phone.

In phonology we call them phonemes.

The difference between those is a story for another time though.

Let's have a quick recap of what we went over today.

Phonetics and phonology, those are both linguistic disciplines that are all about speech sounds.

Phonetics describes the sounds we actually make as precisely as possible, while phonology only looks at what really makes a difference in any one given language

and it tries to find the implications of that.

As a quick side note, there's also phonetics and phonology for sign languages, even though sign languages obviously don't have sounds in them.

For this series though we'll be dealing with oral languages only, but we may dive deeper into sign language linguistics at a later point.

✨ 推荐视频

124 句

本课的词汇与口语要点

这节 C1 级别的口语课以视频“Phonetics and Phonology: Introduction”为素材。视频中反复出现的词有：sound, phonetic, phonology, language, difference。这段视频共有 56 个句子、802 个单词可供跟读。讲话部分时长为 4:41。说话人语速自然，每分钟约 171 个词，接近日常对话。只有 80% 的单词属于英语最常用的 3,000 词，词汇难度较高。

视频中的重点词汇

视频中最难的 13 个单词，附发音和释义：

单词	发音	释义
phonetics 名词	/fəˈnɛt.ɪks/	語音學 /语音学
phonology 名词	/fəˈnɑləd͡ʒi/	音位學 /音位学, 音系學 /音系学
linguistics 名词	/lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪks/	語言學 /语言学, 言語學 /言语学
elf 名词	/ɛlf/	精靈 /精灵
phoneme 名词	/ˈfoʊ.nim/	音素, 音位
slasher 名词		砍殺電影 /砍杀电影
syllable 名词	/ˈsɪl.ə.bəl/	音節 /音节
recreate 动词	/ˈɹɛk.ɹi.eɪt/	重製 /重制
scholarly 形容词	/skɒ.lə.li/	学术性的；好学的；学术界的
pronounce 动词	/pɹəˈnaʊns/	宣稱 /宣称, 宣告
linguistic 形容词	/lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪk/	語言的 /语言的
bracket 名词	/ˈbɹækɪt/	支架, 托架
fry 动词	/fɹaɪ/	煎, 炒

视频中出现的短语动词

单词	发音	释义
come out 动词	/ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/	出, 出來 /出来
figure out 动词		弄清楚

需要注意的发音

说话人用了 15 次缩略和弱读形式，例如 doesn't, don't, can't。请按听到的简短形式来说。

“sh” 和 “zh” 音: transcription /tɹænˈskɹɪpʃən/, implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/
长单词——注意重音位置: phonology /fəˈnɑləd͡ʒi/, phonological /ˌfɑnəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/, phonologist /fəˈnɑləd͡ʒɪst/, phonetically /fəˈnɛtɪkli/, implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/

中文母语者容易读错的音：

词尾辅音 — 要读清楚，后面不要加元音: phonetics /fəˈnɛt.ɪks/, linguistics /lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪks/, phonetic /fəˈnɛt.ɪk/, phonologist /fəˈnɑləd͡ʒɪst/, elf /ɛlf/
/æ/ — 嘴张大，不要读成 /e/: transcription /tɹænˈskɹɪpʃən/, bracket /ˈbɹækɪt/

如何用这段视频练习

先完整听一遍视频，不要开口，记下不认识的单词。
先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟读，熟练之后再回到正常速度。
录下自己的声音并与原声对比，特别注意 phonetics, phonology, linguistics 这类单词。

什么是跟读法？

跟读法 (Shadowing) 是一种有科学依据的语言学习技巧，最初开发用于专业口译员的培训，并由多语言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。这个方法简单而强大：您在听英语母语原声的同时立即大声重复——就像是一个延迟1-2秒紧跟说话者的影子。与被动听力或语法练习不同，跟读法强迫您的大脑和口腔肌肉同时处理并模仿真实的讲话模式。研究表明它能显着提高发音准确性，语调，节奏，连读，听力理解和口语流利度——使其成为雅思口语备考和真实英语交流最有效的方法之一。

影子跟读法: 阅读完整分步指南 →

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