跟讀練習: Phonetics and Phonology: Introduction - 通過影片學習英語口語
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Most Intro to Linguistics classes start with phonetics and phonology.
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There are good reasons for that, it has everything we like.
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Awkwardly trying to recreate sounds, silly recordings and vast charts of scary looking lettery things.
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But probably the most important reason is that when we think about language, most of us probably first think about speaking.
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That's just what we do naturally.
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We produce a variety of sounds using our lips, tongue, mouth and some bits in our throat.
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If you want to make a P sound for example, you close your lips and then release the air all at once.
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If you want to make an M sound, you also close your lips and then you kind of hum, and so on.
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This is what phonetics and phonology deal with.
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Human speech sounds.
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All the plops and hisses and trills we make to show other people what's going on in our heads.
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It would be hard to get by without those.
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Phonetics and phonology look at what sounds we make, how we make them and, at least phonology, looks at if there's a system behind that
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or if we're just stringing random sounds together and in the end something comes out that makes a bit of sense.
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But why do we need two disciplines to deal with that?
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Well, because they approach the stuff really quite a bit differently.
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Phonetics is very very precise.
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It really matters if your A is a bit lower or higher, or if you push out lots of air with your P's and T's and D's or not,
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and if you pronounce the T's in butter as T,
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butter, D, butter, or just kind of tap your tongue against your gum ridge, butter.
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Phonetics is interested in how we make sounds, how we hear those sounds, how we can describe them to deal with them empirically in a scholarly setting,
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and how we can make those sounds visible in a way that's actually practical to write down in print.
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on the other hand, doesn't sweat those little details very much.
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It's not like a Londoner wouldn't understand butter, and vice versa.
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Phonology says it's the same idea of a sound, they just say it a bit differently.
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This may sound a bit silly, but think of the L sound for example.
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English has two of those.
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In words like law or light, where it's at the start, it sounds a bit different than in words like fall or ball.
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Those sound much, much darker.
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But you can't really mix them up because in English, light elves only come in the beginning of a syllable and dark ones at the end.
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So phonologists say that because they can't come in the same spots, the difference doesn't matter.
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They don't ever change the meaning of a word.
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That is what phonology is interested in – systems.
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Clearly the two L sounds don't make much of a difference.
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Pan and can, though.
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Those P and K sounds change whether you're frying something or drinking it.
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A result is that in phonetics, what language you're investigating doesn't matter very much.
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A B in Libyan Arabic is the same as a B in English.
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But when you look at the systems, it's a different story.
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In English, there's a p sound, and bin and pin are not quite the same thing really.
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Arabic speakers mostly don't make a difference between those sounds, so their difference doesn't matter to a phonologist.
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It's a bit like the elves in English.
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You can see that it may be quite important to know whether someone is giving you a phonetic transcription of a word,
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which is very precise, or a phonological one which only tells you what you need to know to figure out the rest.
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That's why we use square brackets for phonetic transcriptions and slashers for phonological ones.
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We also have different names for the sounds, depending on whether we are thinking about them phonetically or phonologically.
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In phonetics we call them phones.
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No, not that kind of phone.
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In phonology we call them phonemes.
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The difference between those is a story for another time though.
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Let's have a quick recap of what we went over today.
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Phonetics and phonology, those are both linguistic disciplines that are all about speech sounds.
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Phonetics describes the sounds we actually make as precisely as possible, while phonology only looks at what really makes a difference in any one given language
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and it tries to find the implications of that.
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As a quick side note, there's also phonetics and phonology for sign languages, even though sign languages obviously don't have sounds in them.
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For this series though we'll be dealing with oral languages only, but we may dive deeper into sign language linguistics at a later point.
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本課的詞彙與口語要點
這節 C1 級別的口語課以影片“Phonetics and Phonology: Introduction”為素材。 影片中反覆出現的詞有：sound, phonetic, phonology, language, difference。 這段影片共有 56 個句子、802 個單詞可供跟讀。 講話部分時長為 4:41。 說話人語速自然，每分鐘約 171 個詞，接近日常對話。 只有 80% 的單詞屬於英語最常用的 3,000 詞，詞彙難度較高。
影片中的重點詞彙
影片中最難的 13 個單詞，附發音和釋義：
| 單詞 | 發音 | 釋義 |
|---|---|---|
| phonetics 名詞 | /fəˈnɛt.ɪks/ | 語音學 /語音學 |
| phonology 名詞 | /fəˈnɑləd͡ʒi/ | 音位學 /音位學, 音系學 /音系學 |
| linguistics 名詞 | /lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪks/ | 語言學 /語言學, 言語學 /言語學 |
| elf 名詞 | /ɛlf/ | 精靈 /精靈 |
| phoneme 名詞 | /ˈfoʊ.nim/ | 音素, 音位 |
| slasher 名詞 | 砍殺電影 /砍殺電影 | |
| syllable 名詞 | /ˈsɪl.ə.bəl/ | 音節 /音節 |
| recreate 動詞 | /ˈɹɛk.ɹi.eɪt/ | 重製 /重製 |
| scholarly 形容詞 | /skɒ.lə.li/ | 學術性的；好學的；學術界的 |
| pronounce 動詞 | /pɹəˈnaʊns/ | 宣稱 /宣稱, 宣告 |
| linguistic 形容詞 | /lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪk/ | 語言的 /語言的 |
| bracket 名詞 | /ˈbɹækɪt/ | 支架, 托架 |
| fry 動詞 | /fɹaɪ/ | 煎, 炒 |
影片中出現的短語動詞
| 單詞 | 發音 | 釋義 |
|---|---|---|
| come out 動詞 | /ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/ | 出, 出來 /出來 |
| figure out 動詞 | 弄清楚 |
需要注意的發音
說話人用了 15 次縮略和弱讀形式，例如 doesn't, don't, can't。請按聽到的簡短形式來說。
- “sh” 和 “zh” 音: transcription /tɹænˈskɹɪpʃən/, implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/
- 長單詞——注意重音位置: phonology /fəˈnɑləd͡ʒi/, phonological /ˌfɑnəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/, phonologist /fəˈnɑləd͡ʒɪst/, phonetically /fəˈnɛtɪkli/, implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/
中文母語者容易讀錯的音：
- 詞尾子音 — 要讀清楚，後面不要加母音: phonetics /fəˈnɛt.ɪks/, linguistics /lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪks/, phonetic /fəˈnɛt.ɪk/, phonologist /fəˈnɑləd͡ʒɪst/, elf /ɛlf/
- /æ/ — 嘴張大，不要讀成 /e/: transcription /tɹænˈskɹɪpʃən/, bracket /ˈbɹækɪt/
如何用這段影片練習
- 先完整聽一遍影片，不要開口，記下不認識的單詞。
- 先用 0.75 倍速逐句跟讀，熟練之後再回到正常速度。
- 錄下自己的聲音並與原聲對比，特別注意 phonetics, phonology, linguistics 這類單詞。
什麼是跟讀法？
跟讀法 (Shadowing) 是一種有科學依據的語言學習技巧，最初開發用於專業口譯員的培訓，並由多語言者Alexander Arguelles博士普及。這個方法簡單而強大：您在聽英語母語原聲的同時立即大聲重複——就像是一個延遲1-2秒緊跟說話者的影子。與被動聽力或語法練習不同，跟讀法強迫您的大腦和口腔肌肉同時處理並模模擬實的講話模式。研究表明它能顯著提高發音準確性，語調，節奏，連讀，聽力理解和口語流利度——使其成為雅思口語備考和真實英語交流最有效的方法之一。