تدريب Shadowing: Phonetics and Phonology: Introduction - تعلم التحدث بالإنجليزية عبر الفيديو

Most Intro to Linguistics classes start with phonetics and phonology.

There are good reasons for that, it has everything we like.

Awkwardly trying to recreate sounds, silly recordings and vast charts of scary looking lettery things.

But probably the most important reason is that when we think about language, most of us probably first think about speaking.

That's just what we do naturally.

We produce a variety of sounds using our lips, tongue, mouth and some bits in our throat.

If you want to make a P sound for example, you close your lips and then release the air all at once.

If you want to make an M sound, you also close your lips and then you kind of hum, and so on.

This is what phonetics and phonology deal with.

Human speech sounds.

All the plops and hisses and trills we make to show other people what's going on in our heads.

It would be hard to get by without those.

Phonetics and phonology look at what sounds we make, how we make them and, at least phonology, looks at if there's a system behind that

or if we're just stringing random sounds together and in the end something comes out that makes a bit of sense.

But why do we need two disciplines to deal with that?

Well, because they approach the stuff really quite a bit differently.

Phonetics is very very precise.

It really matters if your A is a bit lower or higher, or if you push out lots of air with your P's and T's and D's or not,

and if you pronounce the T's in butter as T,

butter, D, butter, or just kind of tap your tongue against your gum ridge, butter.

Phonetics is interested in how we make sounds, how we hear those sounds, how we can describe them to deal with them empirically in a scholarly setting,

and how we can make those sounds visible in a way that's actually practical to write down in print.

on the other hand, doesn't sweat those little details very much.

It's not like a Londoner wouldn't understand butter, and vice versa.

Phonology says it's the same idea of a sound, they just say it a bit differently.

This may sound a bit silly, but think of the L sound for example.

English has two of those.

In words like law or light, where it's at the start, it sounds a bit different than in words like fall or ball.

Those sound much, much darker.

But you can't really mix them up because in English, light elves only come in the beginning of a syllable and dark ones at the end.

So phonologists say that because they can't come in the same spots, the difference doesn't matter.

They don't ever change the meaning of a word.

That is what phonology is interested in – systems.

Clearly the two L sounds don't make much of a difference.

Pan and can, though.

Those P and K sounds change whether you're frying something or drinking it.

A result is that in phonetics, what language you're investigating doesn't matter very much.

A B in Libyan Arabic is the same as a B in English.

But when you look at the systems, it's a different story.

In English, there's a p sound, and bin and pin are not quite the same thing really.

Arabic speakers mostly don't make a difference between those sounds, so their difference doesn't matter to a phonologist.

It's a bit like the elves in English.

You can see that it may be quite important to know whether someone is giving you a phonetic transcription of a word,

which is very precise, or a phonological one which only tells you what you need to know to figure out the rest.

That's why we use square brackets for phonetic transcriptions and slashers for phonological ones.

We also have different names for the sounds, depending on whether we are thinking about them phonetically or phonologically.

In phonetics we call them phones.

No, not that kind of phone.

In phonology we call them phonemes.

The difference between those is a story for another time though.

Let's have a quick recap of what we went over today.

Phonetics and phonology, those are both linguistic disciplines that are all about speech sounds.

Phonetics describes the sounds we actually make as precisely as possible, while phonology only looks at what really makes a difference in any one given language

and it tries to find the implications of that.

As a quick side note, there's also phonetics and phonology for sign languages, even though sign languages obviously don't have sounds in them.

For this series though we'll be dealing with oral languages only, but we may dive deeper into sign language linguistics at a later point.

✨ فيديو موصى به

124 جمل

المفردات وملاحظات التحدث لهذا الدرس

هذا الدرس في المحادثة بمستوى C1 مبني على الفيديو “Phonetics and Phonology: Introduction”. أكثر الكلمات تكرارًا في الفيديو: sound, phonetic, phonology, language, difference. يحتوي هذا الفيديو على 56 جملة و802 كلمة للتدرب على الترديد. مدة الكلام 4:41. يتكلم المتحدث بسرعة طبيعية، نحو 171 كلمة في الدقيقة، قريبة من المحادثة اليومية. 80% فقط من الكلمات ضمن أكثر 3,000 كلمة شيوعًا في الإنجليزية، فالمفردات صعبة نسبيًا.

أهم المفردات في هذا الفيديو

أصعب 9 كلمة في الفيديو، مع النطق والمعنى:

الكلمة	النطق	المعنى
phonetics اسم	/fəˈnɛt.ɪks/	صَوْتِيَات
phonology اسم	/fəˈnɑləd͡ʒi/	فُونُولُوجِيَّا, عِلْمُ ٱلْأَصْوَاتِ ٱللُّغَوِيَّةِ
linguistics اسم	/lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪks/	لِسَانِيَّات, عِلْم اللُّغَة
elf اسم	/ɛlf/	آلْف
phoneme اسم	/ˈfoʊ.nim/	فُونِيم, صَوْت لُغَوِيّ
syllable اسم	/ˈsɪl.ə.bəl/	مَقْطَع لَفْظِيّ, مَقْطَع
linguistic صفة	/lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪk/	لُغَوِيّ, لِسَانِيّ
bracket اسم	/ˈbɹækɪt/	قَوْس
fry فعل	/fɹaɪ/	قَلَى

الأفعال المركبة التي ستسمعها

الكلمة	النطق	المعنى
come out فعل	/ˌkʌm ˈaʊt/	خَرَجَ, غَادَرَ

نطق يحتاج إلى انتباه

يستخدم المتحدث 15 من الصيغ المختصرة، مثل doesn't, don't, can't. انطقها بصيغتها القصيرة كما تسمعها.

أصوات “sh” و“zh”: transcription /tɹænˈskɹɪpʃən/, implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/
الكلمات الطويلة — انتبه لموضع النبر: phonology /fəˈnɑləd͡ʒi/, phonological /ˌfɑnəˈlɑd͡ʒɪkəl/, phonologist /fəˈnɑləd͡ʒɪst/, phonetically /fəˈnɛtɪkli/, implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/

أصوات يجدها متحدثو العربية صعبة:

/p/ — ليس /b/: انطقه مع نفخة هواء: transcription /tɹænˈskɹɪpʃən/, implication /ˌɪmpləˈkeɪʃən/, pronounce /pɹəˈnaʊns/
تتابع الصوامت — لا تضف حركة بينها: phonetics /fəˈnɛt.ɪks/, linguistics /lɪŋˈɡwɪstɪks/, phonologist /fəˈnɑləd͡ʒɪst/, transcription /tɹænˈskɹɪpʃən/, elf /ɛlf/

كيف تتدرب بهذا الفيديو

استمع إلى الفيديو كاملًا مرة واحدة دون أن تتكلم، ودوّن الكلمات التي لا تعرفها.
ابدأ بسرعة 0.75×، وردّد جملة جملة، ثم عُد إلى السرعة العادية عندما يصبح الأمر سهلًا.
سجّل صوتك وقارنه بالأصل، مع الانتباه إلى كلمات مثل phonetics, phonology, linguistics.

ما هي تقنية التظليل الصوتي؟

التظليل الصوتي (Shadowing) تقنية تعلم لغة مدعومة علمياً، طُورت أصلاً لتدريب المترجمين الفوريين المحترفين. الطريقة بسيطة لكنها قوية: تستمع لصوت إنجليزي أصلي وتكرره فوراً بصوت عالٍ — كظل يتبع المتحدث بتأخير 1-2 ثانية. تُظهر الأبحاث تحسناً كبيراً في دقة النطق والتنغيم والإيقاع وربط الأصوات والاستماع والطلاقة.

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