形容词与副词

形容词（quick、careful、clear）描述人或事物——放在名词前面，或者 be / look / feel… 后面。副词（quickly、carefully、clearly）描述动作是怎样做的——通常放在动词后面；如果有宾语，就放在宾语后面。

• The library is always very quiet.

  图书馆总是很安静。（be + 形容词）

• She closed the door quietly.

  她轻轻地关上了门。（closed + 副词）

• Nam is a slow eater. He eats very slowly.

  阿南吃饭很慢。他吃得非常慢。

💡中文里“慢”既能说“他很慢”，也能说“慢慢地吃”，词形基本不变（最多加个“地”）。英语则必须选：描述人或事物 → slow；描述动作怎么做 → slowly。问问自己：这个词说的是名词还是动词？

有些以 -ly 结尾的词其实是形容词：friendly、lovely、lonely、lively、elderly、silly、ugly。它们没有副词形式，所以要描述动作怎样做时，用 in a … way。

• It was a lovely evening.

  那是一个美好的夜晚。（lovely 是形容词）

• He explained the rules in a friendly way.

  他和气地给大家讲解了规则。

副词还可以放在形容词前面、其他副词前面和过去分词前面，表示程度或方式：really cosy，amazingly fast，beautifully organised。关于 “fairly”，见“Quite / pretty / rather / fairly”一课。

• The homework was surprisingly short today.

  今天的作业出奇地少。（副词 + 形容词）

• My little brother types amazingly fast.

  我弟弟打字快得惊人。（副词 + 副词）

• The wedding was beautifully organised.

  婚礼办得很漂亮。（副词 + 过去分词）

• My grandmother was seriously ill last winter.

  去年冬天我奶奶病得很重。

有些特殊的词要单独记：

• Thu is a good cook. She cooks really well.

  阿秋厨艺很好。她做饭真的很好吃。

• Hoa can't come today. She isn't well.

  阿花今天来不了。她身体不舒服。（well = 身体好，形容词）

• My brother runs very fast.

  我哥哥跑得很快。

• I've worked hard all week.

  我这一整周都工作得很辛苦。

• The bus was late, so I got to work late.

  公交车晚点了，所以我上班迟到了。

• Have you talked to Linh lately?

  你最近和阿玲聊过吗？

Hardly = 几乎不。它放在实义动词前面（can / could 或助动词后面），常和 any、anyone、anything、ever 连用：hardly any（几乎没有），hardly ever（几乎从不）。

• It was so noisy that I could hardly hear the teacher.

  太吵了，我几乎听不见老师说话。

• I hardly know my neighbours.

  我跟邻居几乎不认识。

• There's hardly any milk left.

  牛奶几乎没剩了。

• Nam works hard, but his brother hardly works.

  阿南工作很努力，可他弟弟几乎不干活。

💡在随意的口语中，尤其是美式英语，你会听到 “I'm doing good”、“Drive safe”、“Come here quick!”。这些在对话中很常见，但写作和考试中要用标准形式：doing well，drive safely，come quickly。

• ✗Lan answered the questions very quick.

  ✓Lan answered the questions very quickly.

  描述她回答的方式 → 副词。

• ✗Nam speaks English very good.

  ✓Nam speaks English very well.

  good 的副词是 well。

• ✗He works very hardly.

  ✓He works very hard.

  hard 既是形容词也是副词；hardly = 几乎不。

• ✗Have you been to the cinema late?

  ✓Have you been to the cinema lately?

  “最近” → lately。

• ✗The hotel was unusual quiet.

  ✓The hotel was unusually quiet.

  修饰形容词 → 用副词。

• ✗She smiled at me friendly.

  ✓She smiled at me in a friendly way.

  friendly 是形容词，没有副词形式。