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第 90 课 · 第 8 阶段: 形容词、副词与介词

形容词顺序;look, feel 后的形容词

中级

Adjective order; adjectives after look, feel

构成与用法

a nice new red car; you look tired, it smells good——形容词放在哪里

1.形容词放在哪里

英语形容词主要有两个位置:名词前面(a new phone),或者 be 和其他系动词后面(the phone is new)。形容词的复数从不加 -s:two big houses(不能说 bigs)。

  • Minh bought a new phone last week.

    阿明上周买了一部新手机。

  • His old phone was really slow.

    他的旧手机真的很慢。

  • There are two tall trees in front of my house.

    我家门前有两棵高高的树。(不说:talls)

和中文一样,英语的形容词也放在名词前面:a white shirt(白衬衫),a big house(大房子)——不说 “a shirt white”。不过有些语言(比如越南语、泰语)是把形容词放在名词后面的。

2.几个形容词的顺序

名词前有两三个形容词时,评价性形容词(nice、lovely、delicious——说话人的看法)通常放在描述事实的形容词(大小、新旧、颜色、材料…——谁都看得见的特征)前面。描述事实的形容词一般按下表的顺序排列。这是一种非常强的倾向,但不是绝对的规则。

顺序类型例词
1评价nice, lovely, beautiful, delicious, boring
2大小big, small, tall, long, huge, little
3新旧、年龄new, old, young, modern
4形状round, square, flat, thin
5颜色red, black, white, dark green
6来源、国籍Vietnamese, Japanese, Italian
7材料wooden, plastic, silk, leather
8用途或类别(常是名词)running (shoes), coffee (cup), sleeping (bag)
  • We stayed in a nice old hotel in Hoi An.

    我们在会安住了一家不错的老酒店。

  • She bought a small black leather bag.

    她买了一个黑色的小皮包。

  • Dad made a small square wooden box for my pens.

    爸爸给我做了一个方形的小木盒装笔。

  • We had a delicious Italian dinner.

    我们吃了一顿美味的意大利晚餐。

  • 实际生活中,母语者很少在一个名词前用超过三个形容词;再多就显得累赘了。
  • 两种颜色放在一起时用 and 连接:a black and white photo。名词前的其他形容词通常不用 and 连接:a long blue scarf(不说 a long and blue scarf)。
  • 两个同类的形容词(通常是两个评价)可以用逗号隔开:a cheap, comfortable hotel。
  • 放在 be 后面时,最后两个用 and 连接:The hotel was cheap and comfortable。

记住这个顺序:评价 → 大小 → 新旧 → 形状 → 颜色 → 来源 → 材料 → 名词。拿不准时可以这样想:一个形容词越能说明这东西本质上是什么(wooden、Japanese、red),就离名词越近;个人看法(nice、delicious)离名词最远。

3.look、feel、smell、sound、seem… 后面用形容词

在 be、get、become、seem 以及感官动词 look、feel、sound、smell、taste 后面,我们用形容词,不用副词——因为描述的是主语,不是动作。

  • You look tired. Did you sleep badly?

    你看起来很累。没睡好吗?

  • Something smells good in the kitchen!

    厨房里有什么东西好香啊!

  • Your plan sounds interesting.

    你的计划听起来很有意思。

  • The new sofa feels really soft.

    新沙发摸起来真软。

  • It's getting dark. Let's go home.

    天快黑了。我们回家吧。

但当这些动词表示一个动作(看、闻、尝某样东西)时,就和其他动词一样,用副词:

  • She looks happy in this photo.

    她在这张照片里看起来很开心。(look = 看起来 → 形容词)

  • She looked carefully at the photo.

    她仔细地看了看那张照片。(look = 动作 → 副词)

要和一个名词作比较,用 look like / sound like / smell like + 名词:It looks like a toy.(看起来像个玩具。)That sounds like a good idea.(听起来是个好主意。)

4.the first two、the next few

和数字一起用时,first / next / last 放在数字前面:the first two days(头两天),the next few weeks(接下来几周),the last ten minutes(最后十分钟)。

  • I didn't understand the first two lessons.

    前两节课我没听懂。(不说:the two first)

  • It's going to rain for the next few days.

    接下来几天都会下雨。

  • The last ten minutes of the film were amazing.

    电影的最后十分钟太精彩了。

5.常见错误

  • I want to buy a shirt white.

    I want to buy a white shirt.

    形容词放在名词前面。

  • My neighbour has a black big dog.

    My neighbour has a big black dog.

    大小在颜色前面。

  • She has long black beautiful hair.

    She has beautiful long black hair.

    评价性形容词放在最前面。

  • This soup tastes deliciously.

    This soup tastes delicious.

    taste(= 尝起来)+ 形容词。

  • You look happily today.

    You look happy today.

    look(= 看起来)+ 形容词。

  • I missed the two first lessons.

    I missed the first two lessons.

    first 放在数字前面。

例句

  • We stayed in a nice old hotel near the beach.
  • Mmm, this soup tastes wonderful.
  • Minh drives a new red motorbike.
  • She bought a small black leather bag at the market.
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