Pratique du Shadowing: How to Terraform Mars - WITH LASERS - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo
Création de la leçon...
1
Mars is a disappointing hellhole lacking practically everything we need to stay alive.
2
It looks like we'll only ever have small crews spend a miserable time hidden underground.
3
Except we could terraform it into a green, new world.
4
But to solve the planet's problems, we first need to make it worse and turn it into oceans of lava with gigantic lasers.
5
This isn't a far -fetched science fiction tale.
6
If humanity solves some of its pressing problems and ventures into space to expand into the solar system, this may not be that far off.
7
Okay, so how do we terraform Mars quickly?
8
Well, it's complicated.
9
Mars is dry and has no soil to grow anything.
10
Its atmosphere is too thin to breathe or protect us from radiation, giving you a high risk of cancer.
11
So to turn it into a new home for humanity, we have to give it a proper atmosphere similar to Earth's.
12
It should be made of 21 % oxygen, 79 % nitrogen and a tiny bit of CO2, as an average temperature of 14 degrees Celsius and under one bar of pressure.
13
fertile soil to host living things.
14
Then we need to install a biosphere on the surface, and prevent it all from being undone by installing protective measures that can stand the test of time.
15
It is difficult, but a big laser makes it a lot easier.
16
Challenge 1: The atmosphere.
17
Some 4 billion years ago, Mars had a nice oxygen -rich atmosphere and was home to vast oceans and rivers.
18
It held onto it for several hundred million years before it got blown away.
19
Ultraviolet rays broke down the atmospheric gases and then the oceans until they were swept away by solar wind.
20
Today, Mars is a dry, barren wasteland.
21
Luckily, a sizeable portion of the water is frozen in deep reservoirs and in the polar ice caps,
22
And enormous amounts of oxygen are bound as minerals in the Martian rocks, like the oxygen in the iron oxides that give the planet its rust red color,
23
as well as carbon dioxide in carbonates.
24
To free these gases, we need to reverse the reactions that lock them away by using thermolysis, which occurs at temperatures as high as on the surface of the Sun.
25
In short, we want to melt the surface of Mars.
26
The best way to do that would be to put lasers in orbit, aiming their beams down on Mars.
27
is the ELI -NP, able to produce beams of 10 petawatts of power for a trillionth of a second.
28
To melt Mars we need a laser twice as powerful that runs continuously.
29
The easiest way is to use a solar -pumped laser that can be powered directly with sunlight.
30
At its core are metal -infused glass rods that absorb energy and release it as a laser beam.
31
If we build an array of mirrors in space about 11 times the size of the United States, we can focus enough sunlight Let's do it!
32
As the lasers hit the surface, about 750 kilograms of oxygen and some carbon dioxide emerge from every cubic meter of rock melted.
33
If we are efficient, our lasers only need to melt through the top 8 meters of the surface to get enough oxygen.
34
It would look terrifying.
35
The skies would be shrouded in storms, while the ground would glow red -hot, criss -crossed by currents of lava.
36
Tireless laser beams sweep over the landscape, leaving trails too bright to look at.
37
After they pass, the ground cools quickly.
38
A strange snow falls.
39
The ashes from all the elements that solidify as they cool down, like silicon and iron.
40
Mars is still a cold planet at this point.
41
A happy side effect of this inferno is
42
that all the water in the polar ice caps and even deep underground rises into the sky as hot steam, forming clouds that rain down over the entire planet.
43
They would wash out the nastier gases from the atmosphere like chlorine, and carry away harmful elements that accumulated on the surface.
44
In the end, they would form shallow oceans, saltier than on Earth.
45
We might need to do an extra clean -up afterwards.
46
It would take about 50 years of continuous lasering to create our oxygen atmosphere.
47
We could use this opportunity to dig deeper in some places to create the basins for salty oceans
48
or rivers and spare some landmark features like Olympus Mons and Valles Marineris.
49
We're not done though.
50
The resulting atmosphere is nearly 100 % oxygen and only 0 .2 bar.
51
It's hard to breathe and very flammable.
52
To make it similar to Earth and a lot safer, which Mars is sadly lacking.
53
We have to import it.
54
The ideal source is Titan, a large moon of Saturn, covered in a thick atmosphere that's almost entirely nitrogen.
55
We just have to move 3 ,000 trillion tons from the outer solar system to Mars.
56
While that's not easy, it is doable.
57
To process that much of Titan's atmosphere, we have to construct giant automated factories on its surface, powered by our lasers, to suck in the atmosphere and compress it into a liquid.
58
This gets bullet -shaped tanks, which a mass driver shoots all the way to the red planet, where they explode and mix with the oxygen.
59
We've already been able to send individual missions to Saturn in just a few years.
60
With enough resources, it should be possible to complete the task within two generations.
61
Of course, it would be much more convenient to have nitrogen left over from terraforming Venus on the site.
62
We explained this in detail in another video.
63
So, about a century after the start of the terraforming process, we have a breathable atmosphere that has the right gases.
64
If the liberated CO2 isn't enough to warm it up to temperatures we can stand, we just add some super greenhouse gases.
65
Mars at this point resembles a black marble from all the cooling lava, spotted with growing oceans and red patches where the old surface remains untouched.
66
It's still a wasteland, no better than a desert on Earth.
67
to fill it with life.
68
Challenge 2: Biosphere.
69
Installing a biosphere on a new planet is very difficult.
70
Unexpected interactions between species or sudden diseases can destabilize it to the point of collapse.
71
We would probably begin by seeding our young oceans with phytoplankton.
72
Without competition, it would bloom rapidly, filling up the oceans to become the bottom of an aquatic food chain.
73
Life on land is harder.
74
Plants need nutrient -filled ground to sink their roots into, but most of the surface is the congealed remains of lava and ash.
75
We could wait for thousands of years for water and wind to grind it down into finer sands, or try to do it manually.
76
But we want to be quick, and we have a big laser.
77
Turning the beam on and off in rapid succession would cause the ground to quickly heat up and contract, which breaks it into smaller and smaller pieces.
78
and you get a sort of dark mud.
79
Into this mud we can mix fungi and nitrogen fixing bacteria.
80
They're able to absorb nitrogen and convert it into nitrate compounds to feed plants.
81
The first plants we want to bring are native to volcanic
82
islands on Earth since they're perfectly suited to the laser -blasted Martian landscape.
83
Eventually the enriched mud becomes the foundation for grasslands and forests.
84
In Mars's lower gravity trees can become very tall very fast.
85
Their roots gather the nutrients they need and then dig deeper to turn more rocks into soil, forming a self -sustaining ecosystem.
86
At this point, we can slowly introduce more plant varieties, insects and animals.
87
Not mosquitoes, though.
88
The new biosphere needs to be maintained to prevent it from falling out of balance.
89
If plants grow too quickly and absorb too much carbon dioxide, the planet cools down too much.
90
If key species die out, we could see Other species would move in to fill the void,
91
but our Martian biosphere is not as flexible.
92
It takes hundreds if not thousands of years before Mars becomes a stable environment.
93
But eventually the planet will have the potential to sustain large human colonies.
94
With air, water and food available, we can finally call Mars, black, blue and green, our home.
95
A giant volcanic island in space.
96
Will it last though?
97
See? the long -term future.
98
There is a problem we haven't addressed.
99
Mars' core does not produce a magnetic field, so it doesn't have enough protection from solar radiation or cosmic rays.
100
This becomes dangerous for the long -term health of Martian populations.
101
So, as a final step, we need an artificial magnetic field.
102
It doesn't have to be huge like Earth's, it just needs to deflect the solar wind enough so that it doesn't touch Mars.
103
solar wind to the sides.
104
A big superconducting ring powered by nuclear facilities is all it takes.
105
It would orbit at the Mars Sun L1 point, keeping it constantly in between the Sun and Mars, and protect the new atmosphere.
106
And that's it.
107
Terraforming Mars would take some work, hefty resources, and probably a century or ten,
108
but it would be the first time we've lived in a home designed and shaped solely by us and for us.
109
A first step towards our future among the stars.
110
Welcome to the Kurzgesagt Lab.
111
Let's conduct a few stellar experiments.
112
We'll first add some more mass to this protostar.
113
More.
114
A bit more.
115
Wow, we've just created a blue giant, a star with ten times the mass of our Sun.
116
Let's now add a couple of million years and see what happens.
117
A supernova.
118
Breathtaking.
119
And look, it leaves behind a black hole.
120
Fascinating stuff.
121
Record our findings.
122
Be careful to preserve the sparkle.
123
It's now time for Duck's final inspection.
124
This one is always a nail -biter.
125
He has incredibly high standards.
126
Lucky for us our work is scientifically accurate, offers an overview of important astrophysical processes, and is a real stunner.
127
Duck approves.
128
Looks like it's ready to be shared with the world as a poster.
129
A very special piece of Kurzgesagt you can take home and touch.
130
You can get this very special poster along with many other sciencey
131
and spacey things created with love and care from our shop.
132
Every Kurzgesagt product you buy directly funds another moment we get to spend working on our videos.
133
Thank you so much for being a part of our story and for making this channel possible you -
📺 Même chaîne
C1115
Can Earth Run Out of Water?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C1540
What If You Never Slept?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
Your Skeleton Is Electric
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
Your Brain on Magic Mushrooms
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C17
3 Reasons Why Nuclear Energy Is Terrible! 2/3
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C173
Could Humans Evolve Flight?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B23
Would You Upload Your Mind?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C164
What the Flu Does to Your Body
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
What Is Life? Is Death Real?
University StudentsWorking Adults
C1148
How Antidepressants Work
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
Is War Over? — A Paradox Explained
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C1757
How Stress Changes Your Brain
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C15
How ADHD Medication Works
Daily ConversationUniversity StudentsWorking Adults
C11
The Most Complex Language in the World
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C14
Your Brain Peaked at Birth
University StudentsWorking Adults
B25
Let’s Steal a New Moon
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
What Happens AFTER Nuclear War?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
3 Reasons Why Nuclear Energy Is Awesome! 3/3
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C14
Why Ebola Keeps Coming Back
University StudentsWorking Adults
B252
Can We Stop the Extinction?
University StudentsWorking Adults
✨ Vidéo recommandée
C13
155 phrases
How To Terraform Venus (Quickly)
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
114 phrases
There's a Giant Hole In Earth's History
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B23
140 phrases
Mars Used to Be Blue... Then Something Happened
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C12
530 phrases
Human Immortality 4K | Can Science Defeat Aging?
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B218
41 phrases
Unit 6: Living on Mars
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C126
62 phrases
The use of soil to reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere | IELTS LISTENING TEST | SECTION-4
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C16
219 phrases
"This is where I'd put my flight 13 footage..." | SpaceX Starbase
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C13
71 phrases
Space Exploration – Beyond Our Planet
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C15
28 phrases
How to Blow Up the Earth - Nuclear Engineer Reacts to Zack D. Films
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
C11
124 phrases
The Logistics of Living in Antarctica
American AccentIELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
B226 phrases
China Wrapped Entire Mountains in Solar Panels — And That's Just the Start
IELTS PrepTOEFL PrepUniversity Students
Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon
Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « How to Terraform Mars - WITH LASERS ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : Mars, laser, atmosphere, oxygen, surface. Cette vidéo contient 133 phrases et 1751 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 11:15. Le locuteur parle à un rythme naturel d’environ 156 mots par minute, proche d’une conversation courante. Seuls 74 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais, le vocabulaire est donc exigeant.
Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo
Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| biosphere nom | /ˈbaɪəʊˌsfɪə(ɹ)/ | biosphère |
| nitrogen nom | /ˈnaɪ.tɹə.d͡ʒən/ | azote |
| lava nom | /ˈlɑvə/ | lave |
| melt verbe | /mɛlt/ | fondre, se dissoudre |
| terraforming nom | /ˈtɛɹəfɔːmɪŋ/ | terraformation, terraforming |
| dioxide nom | /daɪˈɑksaɪd/ | dioxyde |
| absorb verbe | /æbˈsɔɹb/ | absorber |
| terraform verbe | /ˈtɛɹəfɔː(ɹ)m/ | terraformer |
| wasteland nom | /ˈweɪs(t)ˌlænd/ | désert, friche |
| nutrient nom | /ˈnuː.tɹi.ənt/ | nutriment |
| volcanic adjectif | /vɔlˈkænɪk/ | volcanique |
| sunlight nom | /ˈsʌnˌlaɪt/ | lumière du soleil |
| sustain verbe | /səˈsteɪn/ | maintenir |
| polar adjectif | /ˈpoʊlɚ/ | polaire |
| sweep verbe | /swiːp/ | balayer, brosser |
Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez
| Mot | Prononciation | Sens |
|---|---|---|
| cool down verbe | /kuːl ˈdaʊn/ | se refroidir, refroidir |
| blow away verbe | souffler | |
| break down verbe | tomber en panne | |
| clean up verbe | nettoyer | |
| die out verbe | s'éteindre | |
| fill up verbe | remplir | |
| heat up verbe | chauffer | |
| leave behind verbe | abandonner |
Des phrases à répéter
Des phrases courtes et complètes de la vidéo, à réutiliser dans la conversation de tous les jours :
- There is a problem we haven't addressed.
- Let's conduct a few stellar experiments.
- We'll first add some more mass to this protostar.
La grammaire de cette vidéo
Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :
| Structure | Dans la vidéo |
|---|---|
| Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le fait | should be made · were swept · is frozen |
| Present perfect have/has + participe passé — une action passée qui compte encore maintenant | We've already been · haven't addressed · we've lived |
Prononciation à surveiller
Le locuteur utilise 14 contractions et formes réduites, comme doesn't, we've, isn't. Prononcez-les sous leur forme courte, telles que vous les entendez.
- Les sons « th »: breathable /ˈbɹiːðəbəl/, breathtaking /ˈbɹɛθˌteɪ.kɪŋ/
- Les sons « sh » et « zh »: succession /səkˈsɛʃ.ən/, shallow /ˈʃæloʊ/
- Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: terraforming /ˈtɛɹəfɔːmɪŋ/, accumulate /əˈkjuːmjʊˌleɪt/, manually /ˈmænj(u)əliː/, ecosystem /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/, atmospheric /ˌætməsˈfɛɹɪk/
Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :
- /h/ — il se souffle, il n’est pas muet: greenhouse /ˈɡɹːnˌ(h)aʊs/, harmful /ˈhɑɹmfl̩/
- /tʃ/ et /dʒ/ — à ne pas adoucir en « ch » et « j »: nitrogen /ˈnaɪ.tɹə.d͡ʒən/, congeal /kənˈd͡ʒiːl/, enrich /ɪnˈɹɪt͡ʃ/, gigantic /d͡ʒaɪˈɡæntɪk/, emerge /ɪˈmɝd͡ʒ/
- /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: biosphere /ˈbaɪəʊˌsfɪə(ɹ)/, nitrogen /ˈnaɪ.tɹə.d͡ʒən/, terraforming /ˈtɛɹəfɔːmɪŋ/, absorb /æbˈsɔɹb/, terraform /ˈtɛɹəfɔː(ɹ)m/
Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo
- Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
- Commencez à la vitesse 0,75×, répétez phrase par phrase, puis revenez à la vitesse normale quand cela devient facile.
- Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme biosphere, nitrogen, lava.
Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?
Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.