Практика Shadowing: How to Terraform Mars - WITH LASERS - Изучайте разговорный английский по видео
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Mars is a disappointing hellhole lacking practically everything we need to stay alive.
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It looks like we'll only ever have small crews spend a miserable time hidden underground.
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Except we could terraform it into a green, new world.
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But to solve the planet's problems, we first need to make it worse and turn it into oceans of lava with gigantic lasers.
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This isn't a far -fetched science fiction tale.
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If humanity solves some of its pressing problems and ventures into space to expand into the solar system, this may not be that far off.
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Okay, so how do we terraform Mars quickly?
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Well, it's complicated.
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Mars is dry and has no soil to grow anything.
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Its atmosphere is too thin to breathe or protect us from radiation, giving you a high risk of cancer.
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So to turn it into a new home for humanity, we have to give it a proper atmosphere similar to Earth's.
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It should be made of 21 % oxygen, 79 % nitrogen and a tiny bit of CO2, as an average temperature of 14 degrees Celsius and under one bar of pressure.
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fertile soil to host living things.
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Then we need to install a biosphere on the surface, and prevent it all from being undone by installing protective measures that can stand the test of time.
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It is difficult, but a big laser makes it a lot easier.
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Challenge 1: The atmosphere.
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Some 4 billion years ago, Mars had a nice oxygen -rich atmosphere and was home to vast oceans and rivers.
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It held onto it for several hundred million years before it got blown away.
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Ultraviolet rays broke down the atmospheric gases and then the oceans until they were swept away by solar wind.
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Today, Mars is a dry, barren wasteland.
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Luckily, a sizeable portion of the water is frozen in deep reservoirs and in the polar ice caps,
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And enormous amounts of oxygen are bound as minerals in the Martian rocks, like the oxygen in the iron oxides that give the planet its rust red color,
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as well as carbon dioxide in carbonates.
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To free these gases, we need to reverse the reactions that lock them away by using thermolysis, which occurs at temperatures as high as on the surface of the Sun.
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In short, we want to melt the surface of Mars.
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The best way to do that would be to put lasers in orbit, aiming their beams down on Mars.
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is the ELI -NP, able to produce beams of 10 petawatts of power for a trillionth of a second.
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To melt Mars we need a laser twice as powerful that runs continuously.
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The easiest way is to use a solar -pumped laser that can be powered directly with sunlight.
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At its core are metal -infused glass rods that absorb energy and release it as a laser beam.
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If we build an array of mirrors in space about 11 times the size of the United States, we can focus enough sunlight Let's do it!
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As the lasers hit the surface, about 750 kilograms of oxygen and some carbon dioxide emerge from every cubic meter of rock melted.
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If we are efficient, our lasers only need to melt through the top 8 meters of the surface to get enough oxygen.
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It would look terrifying.
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The skies would be shrouded in storms, while the ground would glow red -hot, criss -crossed by currents of lava.
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Tireless laser beams sweep over the landscape, leaving trails too bright to look at.
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After they pass, the ground cools quickly.
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A strange snow falls.
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The ashes from all the elements that solidify as they cool down, like silicon and iron.
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Mars is still a cold planet at this point.
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A happy side effect of this inferno is
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that all the water in the polar ice caps and even deep underground rises into the sky as hot steam, forming clouds that rain down over the entire planet.
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They would wash out the nastier gases from the atmosphere like chlorine, and carry away harmful elements that accumulated on the surface.
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In the end, they would form shallow oceans, saltier than on Earth.
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We might need to do an extra clean -up afterwards.
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It would take about 50 years of continuous lasering to create our oxygen atmosphere.
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We could use this opportunity to dig deeper in some places to create the basins for salty oceans
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or rivers and spare some landmark features like Olympus Mons and Valles Marineris.
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We're not done though.
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The resulting atmosphere is nearly 100 % oxygen and only 0 .2 bar.
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It's hard to breathe and very flammable.
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To make it similar to Earth and a lot safer, which Mars is sadly lacking.
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We have to import it.
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The ideal source is Titan, a large moon of Saturn, covered in a thick atmosphere that's almost entirely nitrogen.
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We just have to move 3 ,000 trillion tons from the outer solar system to Mars.
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While that's not easy, it is doable.
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To process that much of Titan's atmosphere, we have to construct giant automated factories on its surface, powered by our lasers, to suck in the atmosphere and compress it into a liquid.
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This gets bullet -shaped tanks, which a mass driver shoots all the way to the red planet, where they explode and mix with the oxygen.
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We've already been able to send individual missions to Saturn in just a few years.
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With enough resources, it should be possible to complete the task within two generations.
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Of course, it would be much more convenient to have nitrogen left over from terraforming Venus on the site.
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We explained this in detail in another video.
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So, about a century after the start of the terraforming process, we have a breathable atmosphere that has the right gases.
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If the liberated CO2 isn't enough to warm it up to temperatures we can stand, we just add some super greenhouse gases.
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Mars at this point resembles a black marble from all the cooling lava, spotted with growing oceans and red patches where the old surface remains untouched.
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It's still a wasteland, no better than a desert on Earth.
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to fill it with life.
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Challenge 2: Biosphere.
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Installing a biosphere on a new planet is very difficult.
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Unexpected interactions between species or sudden diseases can destabilize it to the point of collapse.
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We would probably begin by seeding our young oceans with phytoplankton.
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Without competition, it would bloom rapidly, filling up the oceans to become the bottom of an aquatic food chain.
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Life on land is harder.
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Plants need nutrient -filled ground to sink their roots into, but most of the surface is the congealed remains of lava and ash.
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We could wait for thousands of years for water and wind to grind it down into finer sands, or try to do it manually.
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But we want to be quick, and we have a big laser.
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Turning the beam on and off in rapid succession would cause the ground to quickly heat up and contract, which breaks it into smaller and smaller pieces.
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and you get a sort of dark mud.
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Into this mud we can mix fungi and nitrogen fixing bacteria.
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They're able to absorb nitrogen and convert it into nitrate compounds to feed plants.
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The first plants we want to bring are native to volcanic
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islands on Earth since they're perfectly suited to the laser -blasted Martian landscape.
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Eventually the enriched mud becomes the foundation for grasslands and forests.
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In Mars's lower gravity trees can become very tall very fast.
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Their roots gather the nutrients they need and then dig deeper to turn more rocks into soil, forming a self -sustaining ecosystem.
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At this point, we can slowly introduce more plant varieties, insects and animals.
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Not mosquitoes, though.
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The new biosphere needs to be maintained to prevent it from falling out of balance.
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If plants grow too quickly and absorb too much carbon dioxide, the planet cools down too much.
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If key species die out, we could see Other species would move in to fill the void,
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but our Martian biosphere is not as flexible.
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It takes hundreds if not thousands of years before Mars becomes a stable environment.
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But eventually the planet will have the potential to sustain large human colonies.
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With air, water and food available, we can finally call Mars, black, blue and green, our home.
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A giant volcanic island in space.
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Will it last though?
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See? the long -term future.
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There is a problem we haven't addressed.
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Mars' core does not produce a magnetic field, so it doesn't have enough protection from solar radiation or cosmic rays.
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This becomes dangerous for the long -term health of Martian populations.
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So, as a final step, we need an artificial magnetic field.
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It doesn't have to be huge like Earth's, it just needs to deflect the solar wind enough so that it doesn't touch Mars.
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solar wind to the sides.
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A big superconducting ring powered by nuclear facilities is all it takes.
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It would orbit at the Mars Sun L1 point, keeping it constantly in between the Sun and Mars, and protect the new atmosphere.
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And that's it.
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Terraforming Mars would take some work, hefty resources, and probably a century or ten,
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but it would be the first time we've lived in a home designed and shaped solely by us and for us.
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A first step towards our future among the stars.
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Welcome to the Kurzgesagt Lab.
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Let's conduct a few stellar experiments.
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We'll first add some more mass to this protostar.
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More.
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A bit more.
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Wow, we've just created a blue giant, a star with ten times the mass of our Sun.
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Let's now add a couple of million years and see what happens.
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A supernova.
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Breathtaking.
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And look, it leaves behind a black hole.
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Fascinating stuff.
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Record our findings.
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Be careful to preserve the sparkle.
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It's now time for Duck's final inspection.
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This one is always a nail -biter.
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He has incredibly high standards.
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Lucky for us our work is scientifically accurate, offers an overview of important astrophysical processes, and is a real stunner.
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Duck approves.
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Looks like it's ready to be shared with the world as a poster.
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A very special piece of Kurzgesagt you can take home and touch.
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You can get this very special poster along with many other sciencey
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and spacey things created with love and care from our shop.
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Every Kurzgesagt product you buy directly funds another moment we get to spend working on our videos.
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Thank you so much for being a part of our story and for making this channel possible you -
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Об этом уроке
В этом уроке вы сможете практиковать свой английский, слушая увлекательный рассказ о терраформировании Марса с помощью лазеров. Вы будете учить новые слова и фразы, связанные с темой космоса и научной фантастики, а также улучшите свои навыки понимания на слух. Этот материал даст вам возможность не только укрепить словарный запас, но и поработать над произношением и интонацией, что поможет вам уверенно вести разговор на английском.
Ключевая лексика и фразы
- terraforming – терраформирование
- atmosphere – атмосфера
- radiation – радиация
- biosphere – биосфера
- magnetic field – магнитное поле
- solar wind – солнечный ветер
- greenhouse gases – парниковые газы
- phytoplankton – фитопланктон
Советы по практике
При изучении английского с YouTube, особенно с таким динамичным видео, как это, важно сфокусироваться на shadowing – технике, при которой вы повторяете за спикером прямо во время просмотра. Постарайтесь следить за ритмом и интонацией говорящего, чтобы достигнуть естественного звучания. Если скорость речи оказывается слишком высокой, используйте возможности паузы и перемотки, чтобы зафиксировать трудные места.
Также рекомендую прислушиваться к произношению ключевых слов и фраз, таких как “terraforming” и “biosphere”. Это поможет вам не только запомнить их, но и лучше осознать их использование в контексте. Регулярная практика разговорного английского с такими видео, как это, поможет развить навыки общения и уверенность в себе.
Найти более удобный ресурс для шадовспик-практики вы можете на shadowing site. Используйте эти материалы, чтобы углубить свои знания и навыки. Успехов в учебе!
Грамматика в этом видео
Конструкции, которые говорящий использует чаще всего, с точными словами из видео:
| Конструкция | В видео |
|---|---|
| Пассивный залог be + причастие прошедшего времени — важно, что происходит, а не кто это делает | should be made · were swept · is frozen |
| Present Perfect have/has + причастие прошедшего времени — прошлое действие, важное сейчас | We've already been · haven't addressed · we've lived |
Что такое техника Shadowing?
Shadowing — это научно обоснованная техника изучения языка, изначально разработанная для подготовки профессиональных переводчиков и популяризированная полиглотом доктором Александром Аргуэльесом. Метод прост, но эффективен: вы слушаете аудио на английском от носителей языка и немедленно повторяете вслух — как тень, следующая за говорящим с задержкой в 1–2 секунды. В отличие от пассивного прослушивания или грамматических упражнений, Shadowing заставляет мозг и мышцы рта одновременно обрабатывать и воспроизводить реальные речевые паттерны. Исследования показывают, что это значительно улучшает точность произношения, интонацию, ритм, связную речь, понимание на слух и беглость речи — что делает его одним из самых эффективных методов для подготовки к IELTS Speaking и реального общения на английском.