शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Linux got wrecked by backdoor attack - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
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51 वाक्य
यदि वाक्य बहुत छोटे या लंबे हों, तो समायोजित करने के लिए Edit पर क्लिक करें।
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Over the last few days, the open -source world has been in panic mode.
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A highly sophisticated and carefully planned attack affecting the XZ compression tool was shipped to production,
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and has compromised Linux distros like Debian, Kali, OpenSUSE, and others.
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Thank God, TempleOS is unaffected though, and it's quite possibly one of the most well -executed supply chain attacks of all time,
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and gives some random dude unfettered access to execute code on your machine via a secret backdoor.
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This is not your everyday security vulnerability.
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It's a threat -level midnight 10 .0 critical issue on the CVE Richter scale, even higher than famous bugs like Heartbleed, Log4Shell, and Shellshock.
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In today's video, you'll learn exactly how the XZ backdoor works, and the incredible story of how it was discovered by accident.
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It is April 1st, 2024, and you're watching the Code Report.
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Unfortunately, this is not an April Fool's video.
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If you happen to be using one of the Linux distros listed here, you'll want to upgrade immediately.
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Luckily, it only affects a very narrow set of distros, most of which are unstable builds, but that's only because this backdoor was discovered by pure luck early on.
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More on that in just a second, let's first take a deep dive into this backdoor.
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XZ -Utils is a tool for compressing and decompressing streams based on the Lempel -Ziv Markov Chain Algorithm, or LZMA.
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It contains a command line tool that's installed on most Linux distros by default, which you can use right now with the XZ command, but also contains an API library called lib -LZMA,
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and many other pieces of software depend on this library to implement compression, One of which is SSHD, or Secure Shell Daemon, a tool that listens to SSH connections,
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like when you connect your local machine to the terminal on a cloud server.
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Now here's where the backdoor comes in, but keep in mind, researchers are still figuring out exactly how this thing works.
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Malicious code was discovered in the tarballs of LibLZMA, which is the thing that most people actually install.
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That malicious code is not present in the source code, though.
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It uses a series of obfuscations to hide the malicious code, then at build time, it injects a pre -built object disguised as a test file that lives in the source code.
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It modifies specific parts of the LZMA code, which ultimately allows the attacker to intercept and modify data that interacts with this library.
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Researchers have also discovered that any payload sent to the backdoor must be signed by the attacker's private key.
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In other words, the attacker is the only one who can send a payload to the backdoor, making it more difficult to test and monitor.
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And the attacker went to great lengths to obfuscate the code, like it contains no ASCII characters and instead has a built -in state machine to recognize important strings.
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Now, because the vast majority of servers that power the internet are Linux -based, this backdoor could have been a major disaster.
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Luckily, though, a hero software engineer named Andres Freund was using the unstable branch of Debian to benchmark Postgres.
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He noticed something weird that most people would overlook.
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SSH logins were using up more CPU resources than normal.
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Initially, he thought it was an issue in Debian directly, but after some investigation, discovered it was actually upstream in exeutils.
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And that's really bad, because so many things depend on this tool.
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In German, his last name translates to friend, which is fitting, because he single -handedly helped the world avoid a multi -billion dollar disaster. But whodunit?
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Who's the bad guy here?
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At this point, it's unclear.
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The LibLZMA project is maintained by Lassie Collin.
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However, the malicious tarballs are signed by Gia Tan, a contributor to the project.
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This individual has been a trusted contributor for the last few years, but clearly, they've been playing the long game.
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They spent years building up trust before trying the backdoor, and nobody even noticed when they made their move.
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I say they because we don't know if this is an individual or a penetration attempt from a rogue state like Russia, North Korea, or the United States.
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Here's a non -technical analogy.
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Imagine there's a landlord, we'll call him Lassie Collin, who manages a popular apartment building.
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It's a lot of work, but this young, enthusiastic guy has been super helpful over the last couple years, adding all sorts of upgrades and renovations.
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Let's call him Gia Tan.
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He does great work, but he's also been secretly installing cameras in the bathrooms, which only he can access from the internet with his password.
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Now, he would have gotten away with it too if it weren't for a pesky tenant named Andres, who happened to notice that his electricity bill was just a little bit higher than usual.
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He started looking behind the walls and found some unexpected wires that led right to the unauthorized cameras.
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At this point, we don't know the true identity of the hacker, but whoever did this was looking to cast a very wide net, and because it's protected by a secret key, can only be exploited by one party.
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XZ was a sitting duck because it's extremely popular, while also being very boring with a single maintainer.
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Whoever's behind this is either an extremely intelligent psychopath, or more likely, a group of state -sponsored dimension -hopping lizard people hellbent on world domination.
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And that's why the only distro you should use is TempleOS.
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This has been The Code Report, thanks for watching, and I will see you in the next one.
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इस पाठ की शब्दावली और बोलने के सुझाव
इस वीडियो में शैडोइंग के लिए 51 वाक्य और 944 शब्द हैं। बोला गया हिस्सा 4:32 लंबा है। वक्ता तेज़ बोलता है, लगभग 209 शब्द प्रति मिनट, इसलिए जुड़ी हुई और कमज़ोर ध्वनियाँ ज़्यादा मिलेंगी। केवल 76% शब्द अंग्रेज़ी के 3,000 सबसे आम शब्दों में से हैं, इसलिए शब्दावली कठिन है।
इस वीडियो की मुख्य शब्दावली
वीडियो के 15 कम प्रचलित शब्द, उच्चारण और अर्थ के साथ:
- discover /dɪˈskʌvə/ (क्रिया) — खोज निकालना, खोज करना. To find or learn something for the first time.
- malicious /məˈlɪʃəs/ (विशेषण) — द्वेषी. Intending to do harm; characterized by spite and malice.
- attacker /əˈtækɚ/ (संज्ञा) — आक्रमणकारी. Someone who attacks.
- server /ˈsɝvɚ/ (संज्ञा) — सर्वर. A program that provides services to other programs or devices, either in the same computer or over a computer network.
- disaster /dɪˈzɑːs.təː/ (संज्ञा) — आपदा, तबाही. An unexpected natural or man-made catastrophe of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life or sometimes permanent…
- researcher /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ (संज्ञा) — शोधकर्ता, शोधक. One who researches.
- unstable /ʌnˈsteɪ.bəl/ (विशेषण) — अस्थिर. Not stable.
- everyday /ˈɛvɹiˌdeɪ/ (विशेषण) — दैनिक, रोज़ाना. Appropriate for ordinary use, rather than for special occasions.
- cloud /ˈklaʊ̯d/ (संज्ञा) — मेघ, बादल. A visible mass of water droplets suspended in the air.
- helpful /ˈhɛlp.fl̩/ (विशेषण) — मददगार. Furnishing help; giving aid; useful.
- wire /ˈwaɪɚ/ (संज्ञा) — तार. Metal formed into a thin, even thread, now usually by being drawn through a hole in a steel die.
- string /stɹɪŋ/ (संज्ञा) — तार, रस्सी. A long, thin and flexible structure made from threads twisted together.
- narrow /ˈnæɹəʊ/ (विशेषण) — तंग. Having a small width; not wide; having opposite edges or sides that are close, especially by comparison to length or depth.
- resource /ɹɪˈzɔːs/ (संज्ञा) — संसाधन. Something that one uses to achieve an objective, e.g. raw materials or personnel.
- monitor /ˈmɑ.nɪ.tɚ/ (संज्ञा) — पर्यवेक्षक. Someone who watches over something; a person in charge of something or someone.
ध्यान देने योग्य उच्चारण
वक्ता 8 बार संक्षिप्त रूपों का प्रयोग करता है, जैसे don't, you'll, they've। इन्हें वैसे ही छोटा बोलें जैसा आप सुनते हैं।
- “th” की ध्वनियाँ: enthusiastic /ɪnˌθjuːzɪˈæstɪk/, psychopath /ˈsaɪkəʊpæθ/
- “sh” और “zh” की ध्वनियाँ: malicious /məˈlɪʃəs/, compression /kəmˈpɹɛʃ.ən/, dimension /daɪˈmɛn.ʃən/, renovation /ɹɛnəˈveɪʃən/, penetration /pɛ.nəˈtɹeɪ.ʃən/
- लंबे शब्द — बलाघात सही रखें: contributor /kənˈtɹɪb.jə.tɚ/, electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, intelligent /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/, unexpected /ʌnɪkˈspɛktɪd/, enthusiastic /ɪnˌθjuːzɪˈæstɪk/
इस वीडियो से अभ्यास कैसे करें
- पहले बिना बोले पूरा वीडियो एक बार सुनें और जो शब्द नहीं आते उन्हें लिख लें।
- 0.75× गति से शुरू करें, एक-एक वाक्य की शैडोइंग करें, और सहज लगने पर सामान्य गति पर लौटें।
- अपनी आवाज़ रिकॉर्ड करें और मूल से तुलना करें, ख़ासकर discover, malicious, attacker जैसे शब्दों पर ध्यान दें।
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | was shipped · is unaffected · was discovered |
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है | has been · has compromised · have also discovered |
| Relative clauses who / which + उपवाक्य — व्यक्ति या वस्तु के बारे में अतिरिक्त जानकारी | LibLZMA, which is · one who can · friend, which is |
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।