Pratica di Shadowing: Linux got wrecked by backdoor attack - Impara a parlare inglese con i video
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Over the last few days, the open -source world has been in panic mode.
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A highly sophisticated and carefully planned attack affecting the XZ compression tool was shipped to production,
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and has compromised Linux distros like Debian, Kali, OpenSUSE, and others.
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Thank God, TempleOS is unaffected though, and it's quite possibly one of the most well -executed supply chain attacks of all time,
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and gives some random dude unfettered access to execute code on your machine via a secret backdoor.
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This is not your everyday security vulnerability.
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It's a threat -level midnight 10 .0 critical issue on the CVE Richter scale, even higher than famous bugs like Heartbleed, Log4Shell, and Shellshock.
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In today's video, you'll learn exactly how the XZ backdoor works, and the incredible story of how it was discovered by accident.
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It is April 1st, 2024, and you're watching the Code Report.
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Unfortunately, this is not an April Fool's video.
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If you happen to be using one of the Linux distros listed here, you'll want to upgrade immediately.
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Luckily, it only affects a very narrow set of distros, most of which are unstable builds, but that's only because this backdoor was discovered by pure luck early on.
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More on that in just a second, let's first take a deep dive into this backdoor.
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XZ -Utils is a tool for compressing and decompressing streams based on the Lempel -Ziv Markov Chain Algorithm, or LZMA.
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It contains a command line tool that's installed on most Linux distros by default, which you can use right now with the XZ command, but also contains an API library called lib -LZMA,
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and many other pieces of software depend on this library to implement compression, One of which is SSHD, or Secure Shell Daemon, a tool that listens to SSH connections,
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like when you connect your local machine to the terminal on a cloud server.
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Now here's where the backdoor comes in, but keep in mind, researchers are still figuring out exactly how this thing works.
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Malicious code was discovered in the tarballs of LibLZMA, which is the thing that most people actually install.
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That malicious code is not present in the source code, though.
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It uses a series of obfuscations to hide the malicious code, then at build time, it injects a pre -built object disguised as a test file that lives in the source code.
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It modifies specific parts of the LZMA code, which ultimately allows the attacker to intercept and modify data that interacts with this library.
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Researchers have also discovered that any payload sent to the backdoor must be signed by the attacker's private key.
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In other words, the attacker is the only one who can send a payload to the backdoor, making it more difficult to test and monitor.
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And the attacker went to great lengths to obfuscate the code, like it contains no ASCII characters and instead has a built -in state machine to recognize important strings.
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Now, because the vast majority of servers that power the internet are Linux -based, this backdoor could have been a major disaster.
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Luckily, though, a hero software engineer named Andres Freund was using the unstable branch of Debian to benchmark Postgres.
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He noticed something weird that most people would overlook.
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SSH logins were using up more CPU resources than normal.
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Initially, he thought it was an issue in Debian directly, but after some investigation, discovered it was actually upstream in exeutils.
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And that's really bad, because so many things depend on this tool.
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In German, his last name translates to friend, which is fitting, because he single -handedly helped the world avoid a multi -billion dollar disaster. But whodunit?
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Who's the bad guy here?
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At this point, it's unclear.
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The LibLZMA project is maintained by Lassie Collin.
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However, the malicious tarballs are signed by Gia Tan, a contributor to the project.
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This individual has been a trusted contributor for the last few years, but clearly, they've been playing the long game.
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They spent years building up trust before trying the backdoor, and nobody even noticed when they made their move.
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I say they because we don't know if this is an individual or a penetration attempt from a rogue state like Russia, North Korea, or the United States.
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Here's a non -technical analogy.
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Imagine there's a landlord, we'll call him Lassie Collin, who manages a popular apartment building.
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It's a lot of work, but this young, enthusiastic guy has been super helpful over the last couple years, adding all sorts of upgrades and renovations.
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Let's call him Gia Tan.
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He does great work, but he's also been secretly installing cameras in the bathrooms, which only he can access from the internet with his password.
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Now, he would have gotten away with it too if it weren't for a pesky tenant named Andres, who happened to notice that his electricity bill was just a little bit higher than usual.
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He started looking behind the walls and found some unexpected wires that led right to the unauthorized cameras.
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At this point, we don't know the true identity of the hacker, but whoever did this was looking to cast a very wide net, and because it's protected by a secret key, can only be exploited by one party.
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XZ was a sitting duck because it's extremely popular, while also being very boring with a single maintainer.
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Whoever's behind this is either an extremely intelligent psychopath, or more likely, a group of state -sponsored dimension -hopping lizard people hellbent on world domination.
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And that's why the only distro you should use is TempleOS.
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This has been The Code Report, thanks for watching, and I will see you in the next one.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questo video contiene 51 frasi e 944 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 4:32. Chi parla va veloce, circa 209 parole al minuto: aspettati suoni legati e ridotti. Solo il 76% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese, quindi il lessico è impegnativo.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole meno comuni del video, con pronuncia e significato:
- discover /dɪˈskʌvə/ (verbo) — scoprire, trovare. To find or learn something for the first time.
- malicious /məˈlɪʃəs/ (aggettivo) — doloso, cattivo. Intending to do harm; characterized by spite and malice.
- attacker /əˈtækɚ/ (sostantivo) — attaccante. Someone who attacks.
- server /ˈsɝvɚ/ (sostantivo) — server. A program that provides services to other programs or devices, either in the same computer or over a computer network.
- disaster /dɪˈzɑːs.təː/ (sostantivo) — disastro. An unexpected natural or man-made catastrophe of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life or sometimes permanent…
- depend /dɪˈpɛnd/ (verbo) — dipendere. To be contingent or conditioned; to have something as a necessary condition
- install /ɪnˈstɔl/ (verbo) — installare. To connect, set up or prepare something for use
- execute /ˈɛksɪˌkjuːt/ (verbo) — giustiziare. To kill, especially as punishment for a capital crime.
- luckily /ˈlʌk.ɪ.li/ (avverbio) — fortunatamente, meno male. In a lucky manner; by good fortune; fortunately.
- researcher /ˈɹiˌsɝ.t͡ʃɚ/ (sostantivo) — ricercatore, ricercatrice. One who researches.
- unstable /ʌnˈsteɪ.bəl/ (aggettivo) — instabile. Not stable.
- compression /kəmˈpɹɛʃ.ən/ (sostantivo) — compressione. An increase in density; the act of compressing, or the state of being compressed; compaction.
- modify /ˈmɑ.dɪˌfaɪ/ (verbo) — modificare. To change part of.
- contributor /kənˈtɹɪb.jə.tɚ/ (sostantivo) — donatore, benefattore. A benefactor; someone who donates to charity or some cause.
- vast /væst/ (aggettivo) — ampio, vasto. Very large or wide (literally or figuratively).
I phrasal verb che sentirai
- build up (verbo) — accumulare. To erect; to construct.
- figure out (verbo) — scoprire, rendersi conto. To come to understand; to discover or find a solution; to deduce.
- get away with (verbo) — farla franca, cavarsela. To get away, or escape, taking (something) with one.
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 8 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come don't, you'll, they've. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “th”: enthusiastic /ɪnˌθjuːzɪˈæstɪk/, psychopath /ˈsaɪkəʊpæθ/
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: malicious /məˈlɪʃəs/, compression /kəmˈpɹɛʃ.ən/, dimension /daɪˈmɛn.ʃən/, renovation /ɹɛnəˈveɪʃən/, penetration /pɛ.nəˈtɹeɪ.ʃən/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: contributor /kənˈtɹɪb.jə.tɚ/, electricity /ɪˌlɛkˈtɹɪsɪti/, intelligent /ɪnˈtɛlɪd͡ʒənt/, unexpected /ʌnɪkˈspɛktɪd/, enthusiastic /ɪnˌθjuːzɪˈæstɪk/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Inizia a velocità 0,75×, fai shadowing frase per frase e torna alla velocità normale quando diventa facile.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come discover, malicious, attacker.
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | was shipped · is unaffected · was discovered |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | has been · has compromised · have also discovered |
| Frasi relative who / which + frase — un’informazione in più su una persona o una cosa | LibLZMA, which is · one who can · friend, which is |
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.