शैडोइंग अभ्यास: Unit 6: Living on Mars - वीडियो के साथ अंग्रेजी बोलना सीखें
पाठ बनाया जा रहा है...
1
Scientists around the world are interested in exploring Mars.
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Over the past 30 years, there have been dozens of unmanned missions to the Red Planet.
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However, traveling to Mars is not easy.
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About two-thirds of these missions were failures.
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Because missions to Mars are dangerous and expensive, plans for a manned mission to Mars have been delayed for decades.
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The international space community is still not ready to send humans there.
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However, a manned mission to Mars is a goal that Dr. Bob Zubrin really believes in.
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NASA had plans to send people to Mars by 1981 that those plans were credible.
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We should have been on Mars a quarter century ago.
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Bob Zubrin is president of the Mars Society, an international organization he helped start in 1998.
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The Mars Society supports the goal of having humans explore and live on Mars.
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Its members talk to government agencies and private companies who get money to explore Mars.
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Zubrin is also doing research to prepare for a manned mission to Mars.
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The Mars Society set up living spaces designed for Mars in the deserts of Utah in the western United States
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and on Devon Island in northern Canada.
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These remote areas are similar in some ways to the surface of Mars.
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We're trying to find out what field tactics and techniques would be most usefully applied on Mars, what technologies would be most useful to the crew.
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Zubrin has ambitious ideas.
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He plans to colonize the planet.
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We're going to Mars because Mars is the planet that has on it the resources needed to support life, and therefore potentially someday human civilization.
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For Zubrin, Mars is the new frontier.
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Whether or not there has been life on Mars, whether or not there is life on Mars, there will be life on Mars.
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And it will be us.
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Herbren isn't the only one with plans for the red planet.
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Dr. Chris McKay has another idea.
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He wants to create an atmosphere on Mars so humans can live there.
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If we go to Mars and find that there is no life, then I say we might as well move in.
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McKay believes that for humans to eventually live on Mars, they need to start by warming up its atmosphere.
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Well, we know how to warm up planets.
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We're doing it on Earth.
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The first step to warming up the planet is putting greenhouse gases into the Martian atmosphere.
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The effect of these gases would be to melt the ice, bring back the atmosphere, and restore Mars to the conditions it was billions of years ago.
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But if humans are going to live on Mars, they're going to need oxygen.
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Chris McKay has an idea about how to create oxygen on Mars, using tiny organisms called cyanobacteria.
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These organisms are known as cyanobacteria.
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It's a type of algae, a single-cell type of algae, that has a very long history on Earth.
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These were the organisms that first made the oxygen.
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And these organisms could do the same thing on Mars, send them to Mars and ask them to change the world.
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Cyanobacteria, the planet changers.
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Scientists continue to study Mars so that one day humans will travel to the red planet.
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And perhaps someday in the future, humans will live there.
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Vocabulary and speaking notes for this lesson
This B2 speaking lesson is built on the video “Unit 6: Living on Mars”. The speaker keeps coming back to these words: Mars, planet, mission, Zubrin, plans. This video has 41 sentences and 546 words to shadow. The speech runs for 3:24. The speaker talks at a natural 160 words per minute, close to everyday conversation. Only 79% of the words are among the 3,000 most common in English, so the vocabulary is demanding.
Key vocabulary in this video
The 15 most advanced words in the video, with pronunciation and meaning:
| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| organism noun | /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/ | A discrete and complete living thing, such as animal, plant, fungus or microorganism. |
| cyanobacterium noun | Any of very many photosynthetic prokaryotic microorganisms, of phylum Cyanobacteria. | |
| alga noun | /ˈæl.ɡə/ | Any of many aquatic photosynthetic organisms, including the seaweeds, whose size ranges from a single cell to giant kelps and whose biochemistry and forms are… |
| someday adverb | Sometime; at some unspecified time in the future. | |
| changer noun | /ˈt͡ʃeɪnd͡ʒɚ/ | Someone or something who changes things. |
| colonize verb | /ˈkɑlənaɪz/ | To settle (a place) with colonists, and hence make (a place) into a colony. |
| unmanned adjective | /ʌnˈmænd/ | Not operated by a person or a crew. |
| usefully adverb | In a useful manner; in a way that achieves something | |
| credible adjective | /ˈkɹɛdəbl̩/ | Believable or plausible. |
| greenhouse noun | /ˈɡɹːnˌ(h)aʊs/ | A building used to grow plants, particularly one with large glass windows or plastic sheeting to trap heat from sunlight even in intemperate seasons or… |
| ambitious adjective | /æmˈbɪʃ.əs/ | Having or showing ambition; wanting a lot of power, honor, respect, superiority, or other distinction. |
| melt verb | /mɛlt/ | To change (or to be changed) from a solid state to a liquid state, usually by a gradual heat. |
| frontier noun | /ˈfɹʌntɪə/ | The part of a country which borders or faces another country or unsettled region. |
| civilization noun | /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/ | An organized culture encompassing many communities, often on the scale of a nation or a people; a stage or system of social, political, or technical… |
| tactics noun | /ˈtæktɪks/ | The military science that deals with achieving the objectives set by strategy. |
Phrasal verbs you will hear
| Word | Pronunciation | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| warm up verb | /ˌwɔː(ɹ)m ˈʌp/ | To become warmer. |
| bring back verb | /ˈbɹɪŋ bæk/ | To fetch something. |
| find out verb | To discover, as by asking or investigating. | |
| set up verb | /ˌsɛt ˈʌp/ | To make ready for use. |
इस वीडियो का व्याकरण
वक्ता जिन संरचनाओं का सबसे अधिक प्रयोग करता है, वीडियो के असली शब्दों के साथ:
| संरचना | वीडियो में |
|---|---|
| Present perfect have/has + past participle — बीता हुआ काम जिसका असर अभी भी है | have been · have been delayed · has been |
| Passive voice be + past participle — ज़ोर इस पर कि क्या होता है, न कि कौन करता है | have been delayed · are known |
Pronunciation to watch
The speaker uses 5 contractions and reduced forms, such as we're, isn't, they're. Say them the short way, as you hear them.
- The “sh” and “zh” sounds: ambitious /æmˈbɪʃ.əs/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
- Long words — get the stress right: organism /ˈɔɹ.ɡəˌnɪz.əm/, civilization /ˌsɪv.ɪ.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
How to practise with this video
- Listen to the whole video once without speaking and note the words you do not know.
- Start at 0.75× speed, shadow it sentence by sentence, then go back to normal speed once it feels easy.
- Record yourself and compare with the original, paying attention to words like organism, cyanobacterium, alga.
शैडोइंग तकनीक क्या है?
शैडोइंग (Shadowing) एक विज्ञान-समर्थित भाषा सीखने की तकनीक है जो मूल रूप से पेशेवर दुभाषिया प्रशिक्षण के लिए विकसित की गई थी। विधि सरल लेकिन शक्तिशाली है: आप मूल अंग्रेज़ी ऑडियो सुनते हैं और तुरंत इसे ज़ोर से दोहराते हैं — जैसे वक्ता की छाया 1-2 सेकंड की देरी से। शोध से पता चलता है कि यह उच्चारण सटीकता, स्वर, लय, जुड़ी हुई ध्वनियाँ, सुनने की समझ और बोलने की प्रवाहशीलता में काफ़ी सुधार करता है।