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The beginning of everything, the Big Bang.
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The idea that the universe was suddenly born and is not infinite.
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Up to the middle of the 20th century, most scientists thought of the universe as infinite and ageless.
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Until Einstein's theory of relativity gave us a better understanding of gravity
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and Edwin Hubble discovered that galaxies are moving apart from one another in a way that fits previous predictions.
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In 1964, by accident, cosmic background radiation was discovered, a relic of the early universe,
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which together with other observational evidence made the Big Bang the accepted theory in science.
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Since then, improved technology like the Hubble telescope has given us a pretty good picture of the Big Bang
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and the structure of the cosmos.
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Recent observations even seem to suggest that
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The expansion of the universe is accelerating.
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But how did this
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Big Bang work?
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How can something come from nothing?
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Let's explore what we know.
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We can ignore the beginning part for now.
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First of all, the Big Bang was not an explosion.
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It was all space, stretching everywhere, all at once.
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The universe started very, very, very small and quickly expanded to the size of a football.
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The universe didn't expand into anything, space was just expanding into itself.
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The universe cannot expand into anything because the universe has no borders, there is by definition no outside the universe.
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The universe is all there is.
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In this hot, dense environment, energy manifested itself in particles that existed only for the tiniest glimpses of time.
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From gluons, pairs of quarks were created, which destroyed one another, perhaps after giving off more gluons.
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These found other short -lived quarks to interact with, forming new quark pairs and gluons again.
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Matter and energy were not just theoretically equivalent, it was so hot, they were practically the same stuff.
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Somewhere around this time, matter won over antimatter.
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Today, we're left with almost all matter and nearly no antimatter at all.
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Somehow, 1 billion and 1 matter particles were formed for every 1 billion particles of antimatter.
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Instead of one massive ultimate force in the universe, there were now several refined versions of it acting under different rules.
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By now, the universe has stretched to a billion kilometers in diameter, which leads to a decrease in temperature.
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The cycle of quarks being born and converted back to energy suddenly stops.
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From now on we work with what we have.
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Quarks begin forming new particles, hadrons, like protons and neutrons.
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There are many many combinations of quarks that can form all sorts of hadrons
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but only very few are reasonably stable for any length of time.
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Please take a moment to appreciate that by now only one second has passed since the beginning of everything.
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The universe
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which has grown to 100 billion kilometers is now cold enough
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to allow most of the neutrons to decay into protons
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and form the first atom hydrogen imagine the universe at this
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point as an extremely hot soup 10 billion degrees celsius filled with countless particles
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and energy over the next few minutes things cooled
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and settled down very fast atoms formed out of hadrons and electrons making for a stable and electrically neutral environment.
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Some call this period the Dark Age because there were no stars
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and the hydrogen gas didn't allow visible light to move around.
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But what's the meaning of visible light anyway when there's nothing alive yet that could have eyes?
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When the hydrogen gas clumped together after millions of years and gravity put it under great pressure, stars and galaxies began to form.
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Their radiation dissolved the stable hydrogen gas into a plasma that still permeates the universe today and allows visible light to pass.
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Finally, there was light.
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Okay, but what about the part we didn't talk about?
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What happened right at the beginning?
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This part can be defined as the Big Bang.
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We don't know at all what happened here.
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At this point, our tools break down.
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Natural laws stop making sense.
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Time itself becomes wibbly -wobbly.
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To understand what happened here, we need a theory that unifies Einstein's relativity and quantum mechanics, something countless scientists are working on right now.
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But this leaves us with lots of unanswered questions.
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Were there universes before our own?
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Is this the first and only universe?
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What started the Big Bang?
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Or did it just occur naturally based on laws we don't understand yet?
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We don't know, and maybe we never will.
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But what we do know is that the universe as we know it started here and gave birth to particles,
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galaxies, stars, the Earth and you.
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Since we ourselves are made of dead stars, we are not separate from the universe.
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We are part of it.
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You could even say that we are the universe's way of experiencing itself.
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So let's keep on experiencing it until there are no more questions to ask.
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Thank you.
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Vocabolario e note di pronuncia per questa lezione
Questa lezione di conversazione si basa sul video “The Beginning of Everything -- The Big Bang”. Le parole che ritornano più spesso: universe, Bang, quark, particles, billion. Questo video contiene 58 frasi e 827 parole da ripetere con lo shadowing. Il parlato dura 5:54. Chi parla mantiene un ritmo costante di circa 140 parole al minuto, comodo per lo shadowing. Il 82% delle parole rientra nelle 3.000 più comuni dell’inglese; conviene studiare le altre prima di iniziare.
Vocaboli chiave di questo video
15 parole del video che vale la pena imparare, con pronuncia e significato:
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| particle sostantivo | /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ | granello, pezzetto |
| expand verbo | /ɪkˈspænd/ | estendere, espandere |
| hydrogen sostantivo | /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/ | idrogeno |
| stable sostantivo | /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ | stalla, scuderia |
| visible aggettivo | /ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/ | visibile |
| galaxy sostantivo | /ˈɡæl.ək.si/ | galassia |
| discover verbo | /dɪˈskʌvə/ | scoprire, trovare |
| stretch verbo | /stɹɛt͡ʃ/ | tendere |
| radiation sostantivo | /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/ | radiazione |
| gravity sostantivo | /ˈɡɹævɪti/ | gravità |
| scientist sostantivo | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | scienziato, scienziata |
| infinite aggettivo | /ˈɪnfɪnɪt/ | infinito |
| countless aggettivo | /ˈkaʊntləs/ | innumerevole, incalcolabile |
| atom sostantivo | /ˈætəm/ | atomo |
| ignore verbo | /ɪɡˈnɔː/ | ignorare |
I phrasal verb che sentirai
| Parola | Pronuncia | Significato |
|---|---|---|
| give off verbo | /ɡɪv ɒf/ | emettere |
| settle down verbo | calmarsi, placarsi |
Frasi da ripetere
Frasi brevi e complete del video che puoi riutilizzare nella conversazione di tutti i giorni:
- Let’s explore what we know.
- We don’t know at all what happened here.
- Were there universes before our own?
- We don’t know, and maybe we never will.
La grammatica di questo video
Le strutture che chi parla usa di più, con le parole esatte del video:
| Struttura | Nel video |
|---|---|
| Forma passiva be + participio passato — conta ciò che accade, non chi lo fa | was discovered · were created · were formed |
| Present perfect have/has + participio passato — un’azione passata che conta ancora adesso | has given · has stretched · has passed |
Pronuncia a cui fare attenzione
Chi parla usa 7 contrazioni e forme ridotte, come didn't, don't, we're. Pronunciale nella forma breve, così come le senti.
- I suoni “sh” e “zh”: radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/, observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/, combinations /kɑmbɪˈneɪʃənz/
- Parole lunghe — attenzione all’accento: radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, practically /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.k(ə.)li/, diameter /daɪˈæmɪdɚ/, reasonably /ˈɹiː.zən.ə.bli/
I suoni difficili per chi parla italiano:
- /h/ — va soffiata, non è muta: hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/, hadron /ˈhæd.ɹɑn/
- Consonante finale — senza aggiungere una vocale dopo: expand /ɪkˈspænd/, stretch /stɹɛt͡ʃ/, scientist /ˈsaɪəntəst/, infinite /ˈɪnfɪnɪt/, countless /ˈkaʊntləs/
- /æ/ — più aperta della “e”: expand /ɪkˈspænd/, galaxy /ˈɡæl.ək.si/, gravity /ˈɡɹævɪti/, atom /ˈætəm/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/
Come esercitarsi con questo video
- Ascolta tutto il video una volta senza parlare e annota le parole che non conosci.
- Fai shadowing frase per frase a velocità normale, ripetendo ognuna finché il tuo ritmo coincide con quello di chi parla.
- Registrati e confronta con l’originale, facendo attenzione a parole come particle, expand, hydrogen.
Cos'è la tecnica dello Shadowing?
Shadowing è una tecnica di apprendimento delle lingue supportata da studi scientifici, originariamente sviluppata per la formazione dei traduttori professionisti e resa popolare dal poliglotta Dr. Alexander Arguelles. Il metodo è semplice ma potente: ascolti un audio in inglese di madrelingua e lo ripeti immediatamente ad alta voce — come un'ombra che segue il parlante con un ritardo di solo 1–2 secondi. A differenza dell'ascolto passivo o degli esercizi di grammatica, lo shadowing costringe il tuo cervello e i muscoli della bocca a elaborare e riprodurre simultaneamente i modelli di discorso reale. La ricerca dimostra che migliora significativamente la precisione della pronuncia, l'intonazione, il ritmo, il discorso connesso, la comprensione dell'ascolto e la fluidità del parlato — rendendolo uno dei metodi più efficaci per la preparazione alla prova di speaking dell'IELTS e per la comunicazione reale in inglese.