Prática de Shadowing: The Beginning of Everything -- The Big Bang - Aprenda a falar inglês com vídeo
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The beginning of everything, the Big Bang.
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The idea that the universe was suddenly born and is not infinite.
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Up to the middle of the 20th century, most scientists thought of the universe as infinite and ageless.
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Until Einstein's theory of relativity gave us a better understanding of gravity
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and Edwin Hubble discovered that galaxies are moving apart from one another in a way that fits previous predictions.
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In 1964, by accident, cosmic background radiation was discovered, a relic of the early universe,
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which together with other observational evidence made the Big Bang the accepted theory in science.
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Since then, improved technology like the Hubble telescope has given us a pretty good picture of the Big Bang
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and the structure of the cosmos.
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Recent observations even seem to suggest that
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The expansion of the universe is accelerating.
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But how did this
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Big Bang work?
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How can something come from nothing?
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Let's explore what we know.
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We can ignore the beginning part for now.
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First of all, the Big Bang was not an explosion.
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It was all space, stretching everywhere, all at once.
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The universe started very, very, very small and quickly expanded to the size of a football.
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The universe didn't expand into anything, space was just expanding into itself.
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The universe cannot expand into anything because the universe has no borders, there is by definition no outside the universe.
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The universe is all there is.
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In this hot, dense environment, energy manifested itself in particles that existed only for the tiniest glimpses of time.
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From gluons, pairs of quarks were created, which destroyed one another, perhaps after giving off more gluons.
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These found other short -lived quarks to interact with, forming new quark pairs and gluons again.
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Matter and energy were not just theoretically equivalent, it was so hot, they were practically the same stuff.
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Somewhere around this time, matter won over antimatter.
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Today, we're left with almost all matter and nearly no antimatter at all.
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Somehow, 1 billion and 1 matter particles were formed for every 1 billion particles of antimatter.
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Instead of one massive ultimate force in the universe, there were now several refined versions of it acting under different rules.
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By now, the universe has stretched to a billion kilometers in diameter, which leads to a decrease in temperature.
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The cycle of quarks being born and converted back to energy suddenly stops.
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From now on we work with what we have.
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Quarks begin forming new particles, hadrons, like protons and neutrons.
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There are many many combinations of quarks that can form all sorts of hadrons
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but only very few are reasonably stable for any length of time.
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Please take a moment to appreciate that by now only one second has passed since the beginning of everything.
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The universe
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which has grown to 100 billion kilometers is now cold enough
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to allow most of the neutrons to decay into protons
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and form the first atom hydrogen imagine the universe at this
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point as an extremely hot soup 10 billion degrees celsius filled with countless particles
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and energy over the next few minutes things cooled
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and settled down very fast atoms formed out of hadrons and electrons making for a stable and electrically neutral environment.
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Some call this period the Dark Age because there were no stars
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and the hydrogen gas didn't allow visible light to move around.
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But what's the meaning of visible light anyway when there's nothing alive yet that could have eyes?
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When the hydrogen gas clumped together after millions of years and gravity put it under great pressure, stars and galaxies began to form.
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Their radiation dissolved the stable hydrogen gas into a plasma that still permeates the universe today and allows visible light to pass.
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Finally, there was light.
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Okay, but what about the part we didn't talk about?
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What happened right at the beginning?
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This part can be defined as the Big Bang.
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We don't know at all what happened here.
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At this point, our tools break down.
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Natural laws stop making sense.
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Time itself becomes wibbly -wobbly.
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To understand what happened here, we need a theory that unifies Einstein's relativity and quantum mechanics, something countless scientists are working on right now.
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But this leaves us with lots of unanswered questions.
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Were there universes before our own?
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Is this the first and only universe?
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What started the Big Bang?
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Or did it just occur naturally based on laws we don't understand yet?
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We don't know, and maybe we never will.
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But what we do know is that the universe as we know it started here and gave birth to particles,
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galaxies, stars, the Earth and you.
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Since we ourselves are made of dead stars, we are not separate from the universe.
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We are part of it.
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You could even say that we are the universe's way of experiencing itself.
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So let's keep on experiencing it until there are no more questions to ask.
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Thank you.
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Vocabulário e dicas de fala para esta lição
Esta aula de conversação usa o vídeo “The Beginning of Everything -- The Big Bang”. As palavras que mais se repetem: universe, Bang, quark, particles, billion. Este vídeo tem 58 frases e 827 palavras para praticar shadowing. A fala dura 5:54. O falante mantém um ritmo estável de cerca de 140 palavras por minuto, confortável para o shadowing. 82% das palavras estão entre as 3.000 mais comuns do inglês; vale a pena estudar o restante antes de começar.
Vocabulário principal deste vídeo
15 palavras do vídeo que vale a pena aprender, com pronúncia e significado:
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| particle substantivo | /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/ | partícula |
| hydrogen substantivo | /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/ | hidrogênio, hidrogénio |
| stable substantivo | /ˈsteɪ.bəl/ | estábulo, cavalariça |
| visible adjetivo | /ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/ | visível |
| galaxy substantivo | /ˈɡæl.ək.si/ | galáxia |
| discover verbo | /dɪˈskʌvə/ | descobrir |
| stretch verbo | /stɹɛt͡ʃ/ | esticar |
| radiation substantivo | /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/ | irradiação, radiação |
| gravity substantivo | /ˈɡɹævɪti/ | gravidade |
| scientist substantivo | /ˈsaɪəntəst/ | cientista |
| infinite adjetivo | /ˈɪnfɪnɪt/ | infinito |
| countless adjetivo | /ˈkaʊntləs/ | incontável, inumerável |
| atom substantivo | /ˈætəm/ | átomo |
| ignore verbo | /ɪɡˈnɔː/ | ignorar |
| naturally advérbio | /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/ | naturalmente |
Phrasal verbs que você vai ouvir
| Palavra | Pronúncia | Significado |
|---|---|---|
| give off verbo | /ɡɪv ɒf/ | soltar, exalar |
| settle down verbo | acalmar-se |
Frases que vale a pena repetir
Frases curtas e completas do vídeo que você pode usar na conversa do dia a dia:
- Let’s explore what we know.
- We don’t know at all what happened here.
- Were there universes before our own?
- We don’t know, and maybe we never will.
Gramática neste vídeo
As estruturas que o falante mais usa, com as palavras exatas do vídeo:
| Estrutura | No vídeo |
|---|---|
| Voz passiva be + particípio passado — o foco está no que acontece, não em quem faz | was discovered · were created · were formed |
| Present perfect have/has + particípio passado — uma ação passada que ainda importa agora | has given · has stretched · has passed |
Pronúncia para ficar de olho
O falante usa 7 contrações e formas reduzidas, como didn't, don't, we're. Diga-as na forma curta, do jeito que você ouve.
- Os sons de “sh” e “zh”: radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, explosion /ɛkˈsploʊ.ʒən/, observation /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃn̩/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/, combinations /kɑmbɪˈneɪʃənz/
- Palavras longas — acerte a sílaba tônica: radiation /ˌɹeɪ.diˈeɪ.ʃən/, naturally /ˈnæt͡ʃ.(ə.)ɹə.li/, practically /ˈpɹæk.tɪ.k(ə.)li/, diameter /daɪˈæmɪdɚ/, reasonably /ˈɹiː.zən.ə.bli/
Sons difíceis para falantes de português:
- Consoante final — sem acrescentar um “i” depois: expand /ɪkˈspænd/, scientist /ˈsaɪəntəst/, infinite /ˈɪnfɪnɪt/, soup /sup/, convert /kənˈvɝt/
- /l/ final — a língua toca o céu da boca, não vira “u”: particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/, stable /ˈsteɪ.bəl/, visible /ˈvɪzɪb(ə)l/, settle /ˈsɛtəl/, neutral /ˈnuː.tɹəl/
- /h/ — um sopro suave, diferente do “r”: hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/, hadron /ˈhæd.ɹɑn/
Como praticar com este vídeo
- Ouça o vídeo inteiro uma vez sem falar e anote as palavras que você não conhece.
- Faça shadowing frase por frase na velocidade normal, repetindo cada uma até o seu ritmo ficar igual ao do falante.
- Grave a sua voz e compare com o original, prestando atenção a palavras como particle, hydrogen, stable.
O que é a Técnica de Shadowing?
Shadowing é uma técnica de aprendizado de idiomas com base científica, originalmente desenvolvida para o treinamento de intérpretes profissionais. O método é simples, mas poderoso: você ouve áudio em inglês nativo e repete imediatamente em voz alta — como uma sombra seguindo o falante com 1-2 segundos de atraso. Pesquisas mostram melhora significativa na precisão da pronúncia, entonação, ritmo, sons conectados, compreensão auditiva e fluência na fala.