Shadowing Practice: The Beginning of Everything -- The Big Bang - Learn English Speaking with Video

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71 משפטים
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The beginning of everything, the Big Bang.
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The idea that the universe was suddenly born and is not infinite.
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Up to the middle of the 20th century, most scientists thought of the universe as infinite and ageless.
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Until Einstein's theory of relativity gave us a better understanding of gravity
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and Edwin Hubble discovered that galaxies are moving apart from one another in a way that fits previous predictions.
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In 1964, by accident, cosmic background radiation was discovered, a relic of the early universe,
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which together with other observational evidence made the Big Bang the accepted theory in science.
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Since then, improved technology like the Hubble telescope has given us a pretty good picture of the Big Bang
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and the structure of the cosmos.
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Recent observations even seem to suggest that
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The expansion of the universe is accelerating.
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But how did this
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Big Bang work?
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How can something come from nothing?
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Let's explore what we know.
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We can ignore the beginning part for now.
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First of all, the Big Bang was not an explosion.
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It was all space, stretching everywhere, all at once.
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The universe started very, very, very small and quickly expanded to the size of a football.
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The universe didn't expand into anything, space was just expanding into itself.
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The universe cannot expand into anything because the universe has no borders, there is by definition no outside the universe.
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The universe is all there is.
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In this hot, dense environment, energy manifested itself in particles that existed only for the tiniest glimpses of time.
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From gluons, pairs of quarks were created, which destroyed one another, perhaps after giving off more gluons.
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These found other short -lived quarks to interact with, forming new quark pairs and gluons again.
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Matter and energy were not just theoretically equivalent, it was so hot, they were practically the same stuff.
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Somewhere around this time, matter won over antimatter.
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Today, we're left with almost all matter and nearly no antimatter at all.
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Somehow, 1 billion and 1 matter particles were formed for every 1 billion particles of antimatter.
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Instead of one massive ultimate force in the universe, there were now several refined versions of it acting under different rules.
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By now, the universe has stretched to a billion kilometers in diameter, which leads to a decrease in temperature.
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The cycle of quarks being born and converted back to energy suddenly stops.
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From now on we work with what we have.
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Quarks begin forming new particles, hadrons, like protons and neutrons.
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There are many many combinations of quarks that can form all sorts of hadrons
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but only very few are reasonably stable for any length of time.
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Please take a moment to appreciate that by now only one second has passed since the beginning of everything.
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The universe
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which has grown to 100 billion kilometers is now cold enough
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to allow most of the neutrons to decay into protons
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and form the first atom hydrogen imagine the universe at this
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point as an extremely hot soup 10 billion degrees celsius filled with countless particles
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and energy over the next few minutes things cooled
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and settled down very fast atoms formed out of hadrons and electrons making for a stable and electrically neutral environment.
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Some call this period the Dark Age because there were no stars
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and the hydrogen gas didn't allow visible light to move around.
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But what's the meaning of visible light anyway when there's nothing alive yet that could have eyes?
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When the hydrogen gas clumped together after millions of years and gravity put it under great pressure, stars and galaxies began to form.
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Their radiation dissolved the stable hydrogen gas into a plasma that still permeates the universe today and allows visible light to pass.
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Finally, there was light.
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Okay, but what about the part we didn't talk about?
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What happened right at the beginning?
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This part can be defined as the Big Bang.
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We don't know at all what happened here.
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At this point, our tools break down.
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Natural laws stop making sense.
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Time itself becomes wibbly -wobbly.
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To understand what happened here, we need a theory that unifies Einstein's relativity and quantum mechanics, something countless scientists are working on right now.
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But this leaves us with lots of unanswered questions.
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Were there universes before our own?
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Is this the first and only universe?
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What started the Big Bang?
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Or did it just occur naturally based on laws we don't understand yet?
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We don't know, and maybe we never will.
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But what we do know is that the universe as we know it started here and gave birth to particles,
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galaxies, stars, the Earth and you.
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Since we ourselves are made of dead stars, we are not separate from the universe.
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We are part of it.
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You could even say that we are the universe's way of experiencing itself.
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So let's keep on experiencing it until there are no more questions to ask.
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Thank you.

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אוצר מילים והערות הגייה לשיעור הזה

שיעור הדיבור הזה ברמה C1 מבוסס על הסרטון “The Beginning of Everything -- The Big Bang”. המילים שחוזרות הכי הרבה: universe, Bang, quark, particles, billion. בסרטון הזה יש 71 משפטים ו-817 מילים לתרגול Shadowing. הדיבור נמשך 5:34. הדובר שומר על קצב יציב של כ-147 מילים בדקה, קצב נוח לתרגול Shadowing. 82% מהמילים נמצאות בין 3,000 המילים הנפוצות ביותר באנגלית; כדאי ללמוד את השאר לפני שמתחילים.

אוצר מילים מרכזי בסרטון הזה

15 המילים המתקדמות ביותר בסרטון, עם ההגייה והמשמעות שלהן:

מילההגייהמשמעות
quark שם עצם/kwɑɹk/קווארק
particle שם עצם/ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/חֶלְקִיק, גַרגִיר
hydrogen שם עצם/ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/מֵימָן
neutron שם עצם/ˈnu.tɹɑn/נֵיטרוֹן
atom שם עצם/ˈætəm/אָטוֹם
countless שם תואר/ˈkaʊntləs/אין ספור, אינספור
cosmos שם עצם/ˈkɑzməs/קוֹסמוֹס
accelerate פועל/ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/האיץ
telescope שם עצם/ˈtɛl.əˌskoʊp/טֶלֶסְקוֹפּ
cosmic שם תואר/ˈkɑz.mɪk/קוֹסְמִי
mechanic שם עצם/mɪˈkænɪk/מְכוֹנַאי
glimpse שם עצם/ˈɡlɪm(p)s/הצצה
decay שם עצם/diˈkeɪ/דעיכה
plasma שם עצם/ˈplæzmə/פְּלַזְמָה
prediction שם עצם/pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/תַּחֲזִית

משפטים שכדאי לחזור עליהם

משפטים קצרים ושלמים מהסרטון שאפשר להשתמש בהם בשיחה יומיומית:

  • Let's explore what we know.
  • We don't know at all what happened here.
  • Were there universes before our own?
  • We don't know, and maybe we never will.

דקדוק בסרטון הזה

המבנים שהדובר משתמש בהם הכי הרבה, עם המילים המדויקות מהסרטון:

מבנהבסרטון
סביל (Passive voice) be + past participle — הדגש הוא על מה שקורה, לא על מי שעושה את הפעולהwas suddenly born · was discovered · were created
הווה מושלם (Present perfect) have/has + past participle — פעולה שקרתה בעבר ועדיין יש לה חשיבות או השפעה עכשיוhas given · has stretched · has passed

הגייה ששווה לשים לב אליה

הדובר משתמש ב-7 קיצורים וצורות מקוצרות, כמו didn't, don't, we're. אמרו אותם בצורה הקצרה, כפי שאתם שומעים אותם.

  • הצלילים של “sh” ו-“zh”: observational /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃənəl/, combinations /kɑmbɪˈneɪʃənz/, prediction /pɹɪˈdɪkʃən/
  • מילים ארוכות — שימו לב להטעמה: antimatter /ˈæn.tiˌmæt.ɚ/, relativity /ɹɛl.əˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/, electrically /ɪˈlɛk.tɹɪk.li/, observational /ˌɑbzɚˈveɪʃənəl/, accelerate /ɪkˈsɛl.əˌɹeɪt/

צלילים שדוברי עברית מתקשים בהם:

  • /w/ — שפתיים מעוגלות, לא /v/: quark /kwɑɹk/, wobbly /ˈwɑb(ə)li/, quantum /ˈkwɑntəm/
  • /æ/ — פתוח יותר מה-“אֶ” העברית, לא כמו “a” ב-“cup”: antimatter /ˈæn.tiˌmæt.ɚ/, hadron /ˈhæd.ɹɑn/, atom /ˈætəm/, manifest /ˈmæn.ɪ.fɛst/, mechanic /mɪˈkænɪk/
  • /r/ — הלשון לא נוגעת בשום מקום, לא ה-“ר” הגרונית: quark /kwɑɹk/, particle /ˈpɑɹtək(ə)l/, hydrogen /ˈhaɪdɹəd͡ʒ(ə)n/, hadron /ˈhæd.ɹɑn/, neutron /ˈnu.tɹɑn/

איך לתרגל עם הסרטון הזה

  1. הקשיבו לכל הסרטון פעם אחת בלי לדבר, ורשמו את המילים שאתם לא מכירים.
  2. תרגלו Shadowing משפט אחר משפט במהירות רגילה, וחזרו על כל משפט עד שהקצב שלכם תואם את הדובר.
  3. הקליטו את עצמכם והשוו למקור, תוך תשומת לב למילים כמו quark, particle, hydrogen.

מהי טכניקת השאדואינג?

שאדואינג היא טכניקת למידת שפה מבוססת מדע שפותחה במקור להכשרת מתורגמנים מקצועיים ופופולרית על ידי הפוליגלוט ד"ר אלכסנדר ארגואלס. השיטה פשוטה אך עוצמתית: אתה מקשיב לאודיו באנגלית ילידית וחוזר עליו בקול רם מיד — כמו צל העוקב אחרי הדובר עם עיכוב של 1–2 שניות בלבד. בניגוד להאזנה פסיבית או תרגילי דקדוק, שאדואינג מכריח את המוח והשרירים בפה לעבד ולשחזר דפוסי דיבור אמיתיים בו זמנית. מחקרים מראים שזה משפר משמעותית את דיוק ההגייה, האינטונציה, הקצב, הדיבור המחובר, הבנת השמיעה ושטף הדיבור — מה שהופך אותו לאחת השיטות היעילות ביותר להכנה לIELTS Speaking ולתקשורת באנגלית בעולם האמיתי.

טכניקת Shadowing: קרא את המדריך המלא שלב אחר שלב →