Shadowing Practice: Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development Explained - Learn English Speaking with Video

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Ericsson's theory of psychosocial development identifies eight stages which a healthy individual should pass through from birth to death.
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At each stage we encounter different needs, ask new questions and meet people who influence our behaviour and learning.
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Stage 1.
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Basic trust versus mistrust.
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As infants we ask ourselves if we can trust the world and we wonder if it's safe.
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We learn that if we can trust someone now, we can also trust others in the future.
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If we experience fear, we develop doubt and mistrust.
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The key to our development is our mother.
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Stage 2.
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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt In our early childhood, we experience ourselves and discover our body.
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We ask, is it okay to be me?
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If we are allowed to discover ourselves, then we develop self-confidence.
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If we are not, we can develop shame and self-doubt.
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Both parents now play a major role.
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Stage 3.
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Initiative versus guilt.
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In preschool, we take initiative, try out new things, and learn basic principles like how round things roll.
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We ask, is it okay for me to do what I do?
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If we are encouraged, we can follow our interests.
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If we are held back or told that what we do is silly, we can develop guilt.
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We are now learning from the entire family.
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Stage 4.
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Industry vs. Inferiority Now we discover our own interests and realize that we are different from others.
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We want to show that we can do things right.
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We ask if we can make it in this world.
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If we receive recognition from our teachers or peers, we become industrious, which is another word for hard working.
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If we get too much negative feedback, we start to feel inferior and lose motivation.
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Our neighbors and schools now influence us the most.
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Stage 5.
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Identity vs Role Confusion During adolescence we learn that we have different social roles.
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We are friends, students, children and citizens.
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Many experience an identity crisis.
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If our parents now allow us to go out and explore, we can find identity.
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If they push us to conform to their views, we can face role confusion and feel lost.
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Key to our learning are our peers and role models.
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Stage 6.
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Intimacy vs. Isolation.
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As young adults we slowly understand who we are
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and we start to let go of the relationships we had built earlier in order to fit in.
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We ask ourselves if we can love.
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If we can make a long term commitment, we are confident and happy.
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If we cannot form intimate relationships, we might end up feeling isolated and lonely.
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Our friends and partners are now central to our development.
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Stage 7.
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Generativity vs. Stagnation.
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When we reach our 40s, we become comfortable, use our leisure time creatively, and maybe begin contributing to society.
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Our concern is generativity.
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If we think that we are able to lead the next generation into this world, we are happy.
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If we did not resolve some conflicts earlier, we can become pessimistic and experience stagnation.
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People at home and at work are now who influences the most.
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Stage 8.
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Ego Integrity vs. Despair As we grow older, we tend to slow down and begin to look back over our lives.
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We ask, how have I done?
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If we think we did well, we develop feelings of contentment and integrity.
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If not, we can experience despair and become grumpy and bitter.
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Time to compare us with mankind.
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Eric Erickson was a German-American psychologist who, together with his wife Joan, became known for his work on psychosocial development.
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He was influenced by Sigmund and Anna Freud and became famous for coining the phrase identity crisis.
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Although Ericsson lacked even a bachelor's degree, he served as a professor at Harvard and Yale.
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Thank you for watching.

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Woordenschat en spreektips bij deze les

Deze spreekles op niveau C1 is gebaseerd op de video “Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development Explained”. Deze woorden komen het vaakst terug: stage, develop, role, experience, ourselves. Deze video bevat 64 zinnen en 674 woorden om na te spreken. Het gesproken deel duurt 5:11. De spreker praat in een gelijkmatig tempo van ongeveer 130 woorden per minuut, prettig om te shadowen. 86% van de woorden hoort bij de 3.000 meest gebruikte Engelse woorden; de rest kun je beter vooraf bekijken.

Belangrijke woorden in deze video

De 14 moeilijkste woorden uit de video, met uitspraak en betekenis:

WoordUitspraakBetekenis
mistrust zelfstandig naamwoord/mɪsˈtɹʌst/wantrouwen
stagnation zelfstandig naamwoord/stæɡˈneɪʃn̩/stagnatie
despair zelfstandig naamwoord/dɪˈspɛə(ɹ)/wanhoop
grumpy bijvoeglijk naamwoord/ˈɡɹʌmpi/korzelig, kribbig
industrious bijvoeglijk naamwoord/ɪnˈdʌstɹi.əs/ijverig, vlijtig
conform werkwoord/kənˈfɔɹm/conformeren
isolate werkwoord/ˈaɪ.sə.leɪt/isoleren
intimacy zelfstandig naamwoord/ˈɪn.tɪ.mə.si/intimiteit
psychologist zelfstandig naamwoord/ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/psycholoog, psychologe
inferior bijvoeglijk naamwoord/ɪnˈfɪɹ.i.ɚ/inferieur, minderwaardig
autonomy zelfstandig naamwoord/ɔˈtɑ.nə.mi/autonomie
mankind zelfstandig naamwoord/mænˈkaɪnd/mensheid, mensdom
leisure zelfstandig naamwoord/ˈlɛʒə(ɹ)/vrije tijd
intimate bijvoeglijk naamwoord/ˈɪn.tɪ.mət/innig

Phrasal verbs die je zult horen

WoordBetekenis
end up werkwoordbelanden, terechtkomen
go out werkwoordnaar buiten gaan
slow down werkwoordafremmen
try out werkwoorduitproberen

Zinnen om te herhalen

Korte, volledige zinnen uit de video die je in alledaagse gesprekken kunt gebruiken:

  • We ask, is it okay to be me?
  • We ask, is it okay for me to do what I do?
  • We ask, how have I done?

Grammatica in deze video

De structuren die de spreker het meest gebruikt, met de exacte woorden uit de video:

StructuurIn de video
Lijdende vorm be + voltooid deelwoord — het gaat om wat er gebeurt, niet om wie het doetare allowed · are encouraged · are held
Betrekkelijke bijzinnen who / which + zin — extra informatie over een persoon of dingpeople who influence · industrious, which is

Uitspraak om op te letten

  • De klanken “sh” en “zh”: psychosocial /ˌsaɪ̯.kəʊ̯ˈsəʊ̯.ʃəl/, stagnation /stæɡˈneɪʃn̩/, leisure /ˈlɛʒə(ɹ)/
  • Lange woorden — let op de klemtoon: psychosocial /ˌsaɪ̯.kəʊ̯ˈsəʊ̯.ʃəl/, adolescence /ˌædəˈlɛsəns/, creatively /kɹiˈeɪtɪvli/, industrious /ɪnˈdʌstɹi.əs/, pessimistic /ˌpɛ.səˈmɪs.tɪk/

Klanken die Nederlandstaligen lastig vinden:

  • /æ/ — opener dan de Nederlandse “e”: stagnation /stæɡˈneɪʃn̩/, adolescence /ˌædəˈlɛsəns/, mankind /mænˈkaɪnd/
  • /g/ — een harde plofklank, geen Nederlandse “g”: stagnation /stæɡˈneɪʃn̩/, grumpy /ˈɡɹʌmpi/

Zo oefen je met deze video

  1. Luister de hele video één keer zonder te spreken en noteer de woorden die je niet kent.
  2. Spreek zin voor zin na op normale snelheid en herhaal elke zin tot je ritme gelijk is aan dat van de spreker.
  3. Neem jezelf op en vergelijk met het origineel; let daarbij op woorden als mistrust, stagnation, despair.

Wat is de Shadowing-techniek?

Shadowing is een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde taalleermethode die oorspronkelijk is ontwikkeld voor professionele tolkentraining en gepopulariseerd door polyglot Dr. Alexander Arguelles. De methode is eenvoudig maar krachtig: je luistert naar native Engelse audio en herhaalt het onmiddellijk hardop — als een schaduw die de spreker volgt met slechts 1–2 seconden vertraging. In tegenstelling tot passief luisteren of grammaticadrills, dwingt shadowing je hersenen en mondspieren om echte spraakpatronen tegelijkertijd te verwerken en te reproduceren. Onderzoek toont aan dat het de uitspraaknauwkeurigheid, intonatie, ritme, verbonden spraak, luisterbegrip en spreekvaardigheid aanzienlijk verbetert — waardoor het een van de meest effectieve methoden is voor IELTS Speaking-voorbereiding en echte Engelse communicatie.

Shadowing-techniek: lees de volledige stap-voor-stap-gids →