Pratique du Shadowing: Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development Explained - Apprendre l'anglais à l'oral avec la vidéo

Création de la leçon...
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Ericsson's theory of psychosocial development identifies eight stages which a healthy individual should pass through from birth to death.
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At each stage we encounter different needs, ask new questions and meet people who influence our behaviour and learning.
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Stage 1.
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Basic trust versus mistrust.
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As infants we ask ourselves if we can trust the world and we wonder if it's safe.
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We learn that if we can trust someone now, we can also trust others in the future.
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If we experience fear, we develop doubt and mistrust.
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The key to our development is our mother.
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Stage 2.
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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt In our early childhood, we experience ourselves and discover our body.
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We ask, is it okay to be me?
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If we are allowed to discover ourselves, then we develop self-confidence.
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If we are not, we can develop shame and self-doubt.
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Both parents now play a major role.
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Stage 3.
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Initiative versus guilt.
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In preschool, we take initiative, try out new things, and learn basic principles like how round things roll.
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We ask, is it okay for me to do what I do?
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If we are encouraged, we can follow our interests.
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If we are held back or told that what we do is silly, we can develop guilt.
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We are now learning from the entire family.
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Stage 4.
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Industry vs. Inferiority Now we discover our own interests and realize that we are different from others.
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We want to show that we can do things right.
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We ask if we can make it in this world.
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If we receive recognition from our teachers or peers, we become industrious, which is another word for hard working.
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If we get too much negative feedback, we start to feel inferior and lose motivation.
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Our neighbors and schools now influence us the most.
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Stage 5.
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Identity vs Role Confusion During adolescence we learn that we have different social roles.
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We are friends, students, children and citizens.
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Many experience an identity crisis.
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If our parents now allow us to go out and explore, we can find identity.
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If they push us to conform to their views, we can face role confusion and feel lost.
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Key to our learning are our peers and role models.
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Stage 6.
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Intimacy vs. Isolation.
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As young adults we slowly understand who we are
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and we start to let go of the relationships we had built earlier in order to fit in.
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We ask ourselves if we can love.
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If we can make a long term commitment, we are confident and happy.
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If we cannot form intimate relationships, we might end up feeling isolated and lonely.
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Our friends and partners are now central to our development.
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Stage 7.
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Generativity vs. Stagnation.
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When we reach our 40s, we become comfortable, use our leisure time creatively, and maybe begin contributing to society.
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Our concern is generativity.
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If we think that we are able to lead the next generation into this world, we are happy.
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If we did not resolve some conflicts earlier, we can become pessimistic and experience stagnation.
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People at home and at work are now who influences the most.
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Stage 8.
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Ego Integrity vs. Despair As we grow older, we tend to slow down and begin to look back over our lives.
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We ask, how have I done?
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If we think we did well, we develop feelings of contentment and integrity.
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If not, we can experience despair and become grumpy and bitter.
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Time to compare us with mankind.
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Eric Erickson was a German-American psychologist who, together with his wife Joan, became known for his work on psychosocial development.
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He was influenced by Sigmund and Anna Freud and became famous for coining the phrase identity crisis.
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Although Ericsson lacked even a bachelor's degree, he served as a professor at Harvard and Yale.
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Thank you for watching.
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Vocabulaire et conseils d’expression pour cette leçon

Cette leçon d’expression orale de niveau C1 s’appuie sur la vidéo « Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development Explained ». Les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent : stage, develop, role, experience, ourselves. Cette vidéo contient 64 phrases et 674 mots à répéter en shadowing. La partie parlée dure 5:11. Le locuteur parle à un rythme régulier d’environ 130 mots par minute, confortable pour le shadowing. 86 % des mots font partie des 3 000 mots les plus courants en anglais ; le reste mérite d’être vu avant de commencer.

Vocabulaire clé de cette vidéo

Les 15 mots les plus avancés de la vidéo, avec leur prononciation et leur sens :

MotPrononciationSens
mistrust nom/mɪsˈtɹʌst/défiance, méfiance
psychosocial adjectif/ˌsaɪ̯.kəʊ̯ˈsəʊ̯.ʃəl/psychosocial
stagnation nom/stæɡˈneɪʃn̩/croupissure
despair nom/dɪˈspɛə(ɹ)/désespoir
adolescence nom/ˌædəˈlɛsəns/adolescence
contentment nom/kənˈtɛntmənt/contentement
grumpy adjectif/ˈɡɹʌmpi/grognon
industrious adjectif/ɪnˈdʌstɹi.əs/industrieux, diligent
pessimistic adjectif/ˌpɛ.səˈmɪs.tɪk/pessimiste
preschool adjectif/ˈpɹiːskuːl/préscolaire
conform verbe/kənˈfɔɹm/s'aligner
isolate verbe/ˈaɪ.sə.leɪt/isoler, esseuler
intimacy nom/ˈɪn.tɪ.mə.si/intimité
psychologist nom/ˌsaɪˈkɑl.ə.d͡ʒɪst/psychologue
inferior adjectif/ɪnˈfɪɹ.i.ɚ/inférieur

Les verbes à particule que vous entendrez

MotSens
end up verbese terminer, se finir
go out verbesortir
slow down verberalentir, décélérer
try out verbeessayer, expérimenter

Des phrases à répéter

Des phrases courtes et complètes de la vidéo, à réutiliser dans la conversation de tous les jours :

  • We ask, is it okay to be me?
  • We ask, is it okay for me to do what I do?
  • We ask, how have I done?

La grammaire de cette vidéo

Les structures que le locuteur utilise le plus, avec les mots exacts de la vidéo :

StructureDans la vidéo
Voix passive be + participe passé — l’accent est mis sur ce qui arrive, pas sur qui le faitare allowed · are encouraged · are held
Propositions relatives who / which + proposition — une précision sur une personne ou une chosepeople who influence · industrious, which is

Prononciation à surveiller

  • Les sons « sh » et « zh »: psychosocial /ˌsaɪ̯.kəʊ̯ˈsəʊ̯.ʃəl/, stagnation /stæɡˈneɪʃn̩/, leisure /ˈlɛʒə(ɹ)/
  • Mots longs — placez bien l’accent: psychosocial /ˌsaɪ̯.kəʊ̯ˈsəʊ̯.ʃəl/, adolescence /ˌædəˈlɛsəns/, creatively /kɹiˈeɪtɪvli/, industrious /ɪnˈdʌstɹi.əs/, pessimistic /ˌpɛ.səˈmɪs.tɪk/

Les sons difficiles pour les francophones :

  • /r/ anglais — langue recourbée, sans frotter la gorge: mistrust /mɪsˈtɹʌst/, despair /dɪˈspɛə(ɹ)/, creatively /kɹiˈeɪtɪvli/, grumpy /ˈɡɹʌmpi/, industrious /ɪnˈdʌstɹi.əs/

Comment s’entraîner avec cette vidéo

  1. Écoutez la vidéo en entier une fois sans parler et notez les mots que vous ne connaissez pas.
  2. Répétez phrase par phrase à vitesse normale, en reprenant chacune jusqu’à ce que votre rythme corresponde à celui du locuteur.
  3. Enregistrez-vous et comparez avec l’original, en faisant attention à des mots comme mistrust, psychosocial, stagnation.

Qu'est-ce que la technique du Shadowing ?

Le Shadowing est une technique d'apprentissage des langues fondée sur la science, développée à l'origine pour la formation des interprètes professionnels. Le principe est simple mais puissant : vous écoutez de l'anglais natif et le répétez immédiatement à voix haute — comme une ombre suivant le locuteur avec un décalage de 1 à 2 secondes. Les recherches montrent une amélioration significative de la précision de la prononciation, de l'intonation, du rythme, des liaisons, de la compréhension orale et de la fluidité.

Technique du shadowing : lire le guide complet étape par étape →